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A Global World View, Five Great Relationships, The Analect, Buddhism (563 …
A Global World View
Five Great Relationships
Ruler
Subject
Husband
Wife
Father
Son
Older Brother
Younger Brother
Older Friend
Younger Friend
Superior
Inferior
Reciprocal relationships
Duties go both ways
The Analect
Focus on:
Interpersonal relationships
Relationship of the role of rulers and ministers to the conduct of government.
Proper action
Confucius' teachings, though written by his followers after his death.
The emperor is the example of proper behavior
Social relationships are based on "rites" or "rituals."
Rituals are important for SOCIAL, not religious reasons
"Knowing what he knows and knowing what he doesn't know, are characteristics of the person who knows."
"Making a mistake and not correcting it, is making another mistake."
"The superior man blames himself; the inferior man blames others."
"To go too far is as wrong as to fall short."
Buddhism (563 - 483 BCE)
Forms from Hinduism
Based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama --> Buddha
Similar beliefs with Hinduism in many ways, but also...
Some big differences:
No Caste!
No deities. (well, sort of...)
No elaborate ceremonies/rituals
No priests
"Brahman" becomes "nirvana"
Some big similarities
Atman
Samsara
illusion -- maya
Dharma --> not on caste but on everyone's tasks
Moksha
Karma
The four noble truths
Suffering is universal
Desire is the cause of suffering.
Letting go of desire - including the desire for nirvana -- can minimize or eliminate suffering.
The eightfold path is the way to eliminate desire:
Right views and right intention (achieving wisdom)
Right speech, right action, and right livelihood (ethical conduct)
right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration (mental development
Buddhism's spread
Mahayana and theravada spread all across asia due to missionary activity
The middle way
Many buddhists practice moderation and non-extremism. They walk a path between austerity and indulgence.
Abbreviations
B.C. ➡ before Christ
A.D. ➡ Anno Domini = The Year of our lord
B.C.E. ➡ Before Common Era
C.E. ➡ Common Era
B.P. ➡ Before Present
Y.A. ➡ Years Ago
c. ➡ circa - about/approximate
Judaism Solidifies
Ten Commandments were a set of religious and ethical principals that...
Provided a high moral code
Warned that only the one, true God should be worshipped
The Diaspora
A group of people that are geographically separated from each other however still maintain their community
The Jewish are an example of a Diaspora because they were forced to flee outside of their homeland after they were attacked by the Roman Empire and lost their land
Monotheism
Yahweh - creator and sustainer of the world
Pre-Axial Age!
The Covenant - special relationship between Yahweh and the Jewish people. the Jewish people will give up the other deities and God will protect the Jews and their land
The Jewish Bible, including the Torah provided a more complete set of religious and legal teachings.
A detailed and elaborate legal code went further and identified other ethical rules of conduct like relief and protection for widows, orphans, slaves, and the poor
Hinduism - Basics
The Caste System
Brahmin - priests, teachers, intellectuals
Kshatriyas - warriors, rulers, police, army
Vaishyas - farmers, merchants, business people
Shudras - craftspeople, workers, servants
Dalit - untouchables -- those who work with dirt, death and blood
The ultimate, external supreme reality is Brahman, that which creates and sustains the universe
The true essence of all individuals, their atman, the unchanging, eternal self, comes from Brahman -- and is Brahman
The world is impermanent and our experience it is an illusion (maya).
The soul is trapped in a cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara). What caste you are reborn into depends on your karma, your actions - especially as they relate to carrying out moral duties (dharma)
Liberation (moksha) from samsara is the ultimate goal. At which point, "Brahman is."
Jatis sub levels between classes in the caste system.
Hinduism - deites
If Hinduism is focused on samsara and moksha, where do all the gods fit in?
Brahma - creator god
Shiva - destroyer god
Vishnu - protector god
To incorporate polytheistic gods and goddesses, Hinduism refined the theology of Brahman.
Devotees simply need to understand that they were venerating the same ultimate, inconceivable reality.
Confucianism and the Han Dynasty (and Beyond)
Belief system (Not religion!)
People have the potential to be good, when in a properly ordered society.
The key to the teachings of Confucius is the idea of: relationships between people
People must recognize their roles in networks of relationships.
the family as a microcosm of the state
Structure of the government should look similar to the relationships within a family
Confucius used a model of Five Great Relationships to suggest how society might work.
Christianity - Beliefs
Jesus is the messiah, and the Son of God - as well as God Himself!
His death atones for human sin and bring salvation to Christians
Belief in the mystery of the Holy Trinity is now a main belief
Ten Commandments still central
New Testament added to the religious texts of the Bible
Christians teach that anyone can become a Christian - thus, missionaries become prominent.
Catholic Church begins with Peter as 1st pope
Life #1
Life #2
Dharma #2
Atman #1
Life #2
Atman #1
Dharma #2
Karma determines where you end up in next life
All these lives together are known as samsara and the end goal is to break out of samsara because it is not real
Breaking out of samsara is known as moksha and is when you achieve brahman
Atman #1
Dharma #1
Daoism - Han Dynasty and beyond
What is Daoism?
A
religion
, not simply a belief system.
Focused n the Doa - the Way
Rooted in the Daodejing
Lao Zi?
How to follow it?
Withdrawal from the physical world
wu wei - effortless action
Living in harmony with nature
Axial Age - Classical Religions and belief system
Hinduism
Vedic religion
Upanishads
Buddhism
formed from Hinduism
Innovator: The Buddha
Confucianism
Formed from older Chinese philosophy
innovator: confucius
Daoism
older chinese philosophy
Judaism
Started around the area now known as Israel
Kingdom of Israel
Kingdom of Judah
Phoenicia
The shift to monotheism was scary at the time because people would give up worshipping multiple deities to the one and only God.
The shift was easy however because the one and only God was seen and is still seen as a perfect being rather than the Gods that others at the time worshipped who had human like traits
Founded approx. 2000 - 1000 B.C.E.
Early monotheistic religion
Legalism and the Qin Dynasty
People are corrupt and self-interested.
So, harsh rule from the top down is necessary to have an ordered society.
Not a true belief system -- just an approach to ruling
Make people afraid of committing wrongdoing because of the strong central government and consequences from wrongdoing
Helpful steps to analyze a culture/situation
What is universal culture? These are activities that people in all societies share, like...
Family structures, social hierarchies, rituals, eating, education, gender roles, and more!
What are cultural Specifics? These are activities and items that people within a particular society share, but that may not be experienced by people in other groups, like...
Men being the head of the family, Religious leaders being the highest class of people in society, burial taking place within 24 hours of death, cooking with curry, not eating bugs, boys learning hunting, girls learning medicine, etc
What are personal features? These are habits, preferences, and inclinations of an individual that may not be representative of his/her culture. Such as...
Wearing a purple fedora, when hats are not in common
Perhaps most importantly... Complex Language
We could exchange complicated ideas with each other!
We could store and add to the ideas of previous generations!
How exciting is this?? 😱
The three confucian values
Filial piety (xiao) - Respect for one's parents, and other ancestors.
Humaneness (ren) - Concern for others, especially over yourself.
Ritual (li) - Defined, formal practices which help one practice respect, instill relationships, and grow in restraint.
Iceberg
Surface culture
Food, dress, art, music
Internal culture
Norms of behavior, beliefs and values, use of language
Collectivist vs. individualist cultures...
"The squeaky wheel gets the grease."
If the problem is known it will get attention to be fixed
"The quacking duck gets shot."
The subject stands out they will get shot down and something negative will happen
The Classical Period 600 BCE - 600 CE
Axial Age 800 - 200 B.C.E.
Time when lots of different religions arose
known as the classical period because it is the time that sets up how people will view and act in the world.
Christianity develops from Judaism
During the Axial Age!
The Split
4 B.C.E. - Birth of Jesus of Nazareth, a Jew
Is he a prophet?
Jews (& later Muslims) believe this.
Is he the Messiah? believed by Christians of being the Messiah who sacrifices themself to allow sinners to make it to heaven
30 C.E. - Jesus is crucified
Belief Systems
Religions are within belief systems
Have a spiritual aspect outside of the physical world ex. Deities.
Political styles of Rule (outside of belief systems)
Yin & Yang
Yang (WHITE)
Masculine
Warm
Tough
Day
Large
Assert
Stone
Yin (BLACK)
Feminine
cool
Soft
Night
Small
Yield
Water
Complexity of Perspective
How does culture influence how we the world
Early Human History
The First hominids (people-like creature) evolved 2.5 million years ago
Greek Philosophy
"SPA"
Socrates
Introduced the "Socratic Method"
Repeated questioning in order to...
Examine the validity of a position or belief, or...
Come to a deeper understanding of a particular topic
Rationalism
Plato
Platonic Idealism
Philosopher Kings
Idealism
Aristotle
Rational examination of a variety of earthly subject matter...
And of more abstract realms
Empiricism
Classical Rome
The Roman Republic, and later the Roman Empire...
Continued Greek traditions of rationalism
Placed a heavy emphasis on the importance of the rule of law
What's so special about the "rule of law" anyway??
It helps make things predictable and brings order to society.
Do now -- Cultural Characteristics -- Part 1
The Concept of self
Industrial Era starts in mid 1800s in America. 1825.
World Religions
Belief Systems