Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

The Older Adult - Coggle Diagram

- - - - AKA dry mouth
      - results from decreased saliva, medications, Sjogren's syndrome, mouth breathing, and altered cognition
      - salivary glands are not making enough saliva to keep the mouth wet
    - - age > 65 y/o
      - diabetes
      - stroke
      - yeast infection
      - autoimmune disease (Sjogren's syndrome)
    - - mouth dryness
      - thick & stringy saliva
      - bad breath
      - difficulty chewing, speaking, and swallowing
      - sore throat
      - dry tongue
    - - saliva substitutes
      - sipping water
      - sugarless candy & gum
- - - - chronic inflammatory skin disease that leads to uncontrolled keratinocyte proliferation
      - involves epidermal hyper-proliferation
    - - current infections
      - cold, dry weather conditions
      - skin lacerations, bug bites, or severe burns
      - smoking
      - excessive ETOH consumption
    - - rash varying in colors, often a shade of purple
      - dry, cracked skin
      - itching
      - burning
      - soreness
    - - phototherapy
      - meds:
        
        steroids
        
        retinoids
        
        biologics
        
        Methotrexate
        
        Cyclosporine
- - - - most common type of dementia
      - affects parts of the brain that control thoughts, memories, and language
      - progressive disease that starts w/ mild memory loss
    - - old age
      - heart disease
      - diabetes
      - stroke
      - HTN
      - high cholesterol
    - - increased memory loss & confusion
      - inability to learn new things
      - shortened attention span
      - problems coping w/ new situations
      - difficulty organizing thoughts
      - difficulty w/ language & reading
      - confusion in evening hours
      - irritability
      - cannot create new memories
    - - no cure
      - cholinesterase inhibitors
        
        Galantamine
        
        Rivastigmine
        
        Donepezil
  - - - decline in visual acuity
      - reduced pupil size
      - presbyopia
      - narrowing of visual field
      - distorted depth perception
    - - reduced tactile sensation
      - reduced ability to sense pressure, discomfort, and change in temp
    - - presbycusis
      - altered equilibrium
      - distortion of high-pitched sounds
      - increase in cerumen
    - - altered sense of smell
      - atrophy of tongue
      - decreased saliva
      - poor oral hygiene
- - - - intermittent disease w/ reversible airflow obstruction & wheezing due to a variety of stimulants
      - airway inflammation and intermittent airflow obstruction
    - - parent w/ asthma
      - older age
      - hx of respiratory infection as a child
      - allergic rx
      - exposure to chemical irritants or industrial dusts
    - - SOB
      - chest tightness & pain
      - wheezing upon exhaling
      - insomnia
      - coughing & wheezing that worsens w/ respiratory virus
    - - bronchodilators
        
        beta-2 agonists
        
        salbutamol
        
        salmeterol
        
        formoterol
        
        vilanterol
        
        anticholinergics
        
        ipatropium
        
        tiotropium
        
        theophylline
      - administer fluids & humidification
  - - - reduced cough reflex
- - - - blood vessels have increased consistent pressure
      - systolic BP > 140 mm Hg
      - diastolic BP > 90 mm Hg
    - - old age
      - obesity
      - smoking
      - sedentary lifestyle
      - inadequate nutrition
      - diabetes
    - - often asymptomatic
      - dull headache
      - impaired memory
      - disorientation
      - confusion
      - epistaxis
      - slow tremor
    - - exercise
      - smoking cessation
      - decreased Na+ in diet
      - meds:
        
        ACE inhibitors
        
        diuretics
        
        beat blockers
        
        calcium channel blockers
        
        vasodilators
- - - - bones become weak and brittle
      - not enough calcium is being absorbed into the bones
      - results in an increased risk for bone fractures
      - osteoclastic bone resorption is not being adequately compensated by osteoblastic bone formation
    - - decrease in height
      - fragile bones
      - back pain
      - stooped posture (kyphosis)
      - often asymptomatic
    - - calcium supplements
      - biophosphates
        
        Risedronate
        
        Alendronate
      - low-impact aerobic exercises
      - conjugated estrogens
    - - menopause (estrogen deficiency)
      - calcium deficiency (inadequate calcium intake)
      - sedentary lifestyle
      - women > 65 y/o
      - caucasian and asian women
- - - - glucose intolerance
      - 7th leading cause of death in older adults
      - insulin resistance
      - declining B-cell fx
    - - obesity
      - age > 45 y/o
      - family hx
      - gestational diabetes
      - smoking
    - - often asymptomatic
      - increased thirst
      - polyuria
      - increased hunger
      - weight loss
      - fatigue
      - blurry vision
      - slow-healing sores
    - - low cholesterol diet
      - increase in exercise
      - smoking cessation
      - meds:
        
        statins
        
        insulin
        
        anti-diabetic meds
        
        Metformin
        
        sulfonylureas
        
        Gilbenclamide
        
        Glipizide & Gliclazide
        
        Glimepiride
        
        Thiazolidinediones
        
        Rosiglitazone
        
        Pioglitazones
- - - - inflammation of glomeruli in the kidneys
      - acute:
        
        starts suddenly
        
        potentially reversible
      - chronic:
        
        the onset is gradual
        
        can lead to permanent renal failure
      - fluids, metabolic wastes, and toxins are not being properly filtered into the urine
        
        these fluids buildup causing edema and fatigue
    - - family hx
      - hx of kidney problems
      - secondary disease
        
        diabetes
        
        HTN
      - exposure to toxins
    - - pink or cola-colored urine
      - foamy or bubbly urine
      - HTN
      - edema in face, hands, feet, and/or abdomen
    - - dialysis
      - kidney transplant
      - immunosuppressants:
        
        tacrolimus
        
        ciclosporin
        
        rituximab
        
        azathioprine
- - - - vulva atrohpy
      - flattening of the labia
      - loss of Sub-Q fat & hair
    - - reduction in collagen & adipose tissue
      - shortening & narrowing of canal
      - less lubrication
      - alkaline vaginal pH
  - - - cancer that first develops in the ovaries
      - classified into 3 main groups:
        
        surface epithelial-stromal tumors
        
        sex cord-stromal tumors
        
        germ cell tumors
    - - gas
      - abdominal distention
      - quickly feeling full
      - fatigue
    - - radiation
      - chemo
      - surgery
        
        omentectomy
        
        laparotomy
        
        hysterectomy
        
        pelvic lymph node dissection
    - - women > 65 y/o
      - obesity
      - having children
      - hormone therapy post menopause
      - family hx