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Food Safety - Coggle Diagram
Food Safety
Toxicology of natural non-nutritive substances in foods of marine origin. and bacterial toxins
Marine biotoxins are responsible for a significant number of diseases associated with fishery products
Neurotoxins are given the name paralytic toxins or biotoxins that affect the central nervous system causing muscle paralysis.
Saxitoxin is a neuromuscular toxin that acts directly on the peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle. It affects cell membrane activity by selectively blocking sodium transport.
Among other poisonings produced by sea products are:
ciguatera
tetradotoxin
neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (nsp)
The puffer fish toxin is called tetrodotoxin. Its structure is relatively complex, and it bears no resemblance to almost any other natural product.
Concept and historical evolution of Food Security.
Food Toxicology Concept
The tolerable exposure limit represents the dose of a product (expressed in mg/kg/day) that can enter the human body daily, throughout life, without being harmful to health. They are estimated from the experimental values of NOAEL and LOAEL.
Food toxicology proposes the analysis and understanding of the toxic effects observed through more detailed studies of the mechanisms of action of the toxic; It also elaborates the biochemical bases of this toxicity within a nutritional context.
Scope of Application, Requirements and Responsibilities Regarding Food Safety.
It will allow, from an intermediate or final product, to quickly obtain the relevant information associated with said product, until reaching the origin of the raw materials
The general requirements of the food legislation that includes this regulatory area are essential to preserve the health and well-being of citizens, as well as their social and economic interests.
As far as responsibilities regarding food are concerned, the standard establishes obligations to control their safety and actions required when the required requirements are not met.
Crises Related to Food Security.
Among the foods that traditionally involve high risk, are undercooked chicken, eggs and meat; raw milk and products made with unpasteurized milk; raw or undercooked shellfish
Epidemiological evidence.
There is epidemiological, statistical, microbiological and causality evidence that supports the causal relationship between the consumption of biscuit glacé and the occurrence of the outbreak.
General etiology of food poisoning
Hepatotoxicity.
In the elimination and biotransformation of xenobiotics, the liver is exposed to a large number of chemical substances and toxic dangerous metabolites, among which are plant alkaloids and natural mycotoxins, industrial chemical substances and drugs used in the treatment of diseases, these represent the majority fraction of toxic liver diseases.
Short-term and long-term toxicity tests.
The new chemical substances that are going to be used as medicines, foodstuffs or agrochemicals must be previously evaluated, to determine the risks of damage to health before their use is generalized.
Embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity.
Embryotoxicity and fetotoxicity due to exposure to contaminated food can develop during the fetal process, since they can cross the placental barrier and cause malformations and abortions, as well as the ingestion of breast milk after delivery.
Toxicological factors affecting food safety
Risk analysis in relation to food safety is a new discipline, and the methodological basis for the evaluation and management of risks arising from hazards in food is still in a development phase.
Hazard identification consists of the identification of xenobiotic chemical compounds that may have harmful effects on health and that may be present in certain foods or food groups.
Oral Toxicity
Oral poisoning can be bacterial, viral, fungal, etc.
Toxic substances, medicines and harmful elements that are defined in food, depending on the amount, are a lethal poison.
Physiological and Anatomical Properties of the Gastrointestinal Tract.
The digestive tube, also called the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract, begins in the mouth and extends up to the year. Its length in man is 10 to 12 meters, being six or seven times the total length of the body.
The digestive tube comes embryologically from the endoderm, as does the respiratory system. The digestive tube and the adjoining glands (salivary glands, liver and pancreas) form the digestive system.
Absorption Mechanisms.
Digestion is the conversion of food into absorbable substances in the gastrointestinal tract. It is carried out by the mechanical and chemical splitting of food into molecules.
Toxicology of harmful natural substances in foods derived from higher plants
Cyanogen glycosides are a group of naturally occurring substances found in plants that release cyanide, a compound that is poisonous when broken down by enzymes or organic acids.
Stimulants and other psychoactive compounds.
One of the great discoveries of the 19th century was the isolation of the active principles of various medicinal plants. Throughout the 20th century, this chemical technique was perfected, reaching the modification of molecules found in plants to obtain new psychoactive substances, thus opening a new field of research and possibilities that has not yet been closed.
Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Solanine.
Organo-carbamic cholinesterase inhibitors are esters, amides, or thiol derivatives of phosphoric, phosphonic, phosphothioic, or phosphonothioic acids. They are classified into arylphosphates and alkylphosphates.
Aryl phosphates require activation by hepatic microsomal enzymes. Alkylphosphates do not require activation. Organophosphates have an unstable chemical structure and are rapidly hydrolyzed, which is why, unlike organochlorines, they do not carry the risk of accumulating in the environment.
Phytoestrogens are nonsteroidal chemical compounds that are found in vegetables but are similar to human estrogens, and with similar (estrogenic effect) or opposite (antiestrogenic effect) action to these.
Factors that affect the metabolism of toxins
Drugs and Nutrients as Metabolic Enzyme Substrates.
Enzymes are biological substances (proteins, catalysts) that intervene in biological and chemical processes of the metabolism of living beings.
The Enzyme-Substrate Complex has two components:
Lock Key: The substrate fits perfectly into the enzyme so that it does not change its shape.
Conformational Change: Proposes that the enzyme undergoes a change in its shape to allow the entry of the substrate to its active center.