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2022 T3 HISTORY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - strengthen military
        
        need strong economy to have a chance in war --> strong industrial base to manage huge quantities of ammunition and weapons
        
        USSR was already behind in many industrial and agricultural processes as it relied on manual labour instead of industrial machinery like tractors
        
        e.g. production level of iron and steel was way below USA counterparts. USSR had been invaded by France, Japan and USA during Russian Civil War to support the Whites against the Reds (who won)
        
        therefore Stalin wanted to strengthen the military via rapid industrial growth to prevent any future invasions
      - promote communist beliefs
        
        want to be on par with West in terms of standard of living
        
        industrialisation would:
        
        allow ppl to have higher quality of life
        
        prove that a communist USSR could outproduce leading capitalist nations --> superior
        
        improved standard of living & economy --> people support communism + other countries see USSR as strong communist country
    - - rapid economic growth
        
        1928-30: size of USSR economy tripled, leaving capitalist nations far behind
        
        strong heavy industry base: heavy goods (steel, iron, oil, electricity) and transport (roads, railways)
        
        could develop military strength as these heavy industry companies could be quickly converted to manufacture war materials --> can respond quickly to military threat from Germany
        
        also ended unemployment e.g. 1.7m to almost no one from 1929-31
        
        therefore allowed USSR to be prepared when faced with potential military threat (Germany's attack in 1941)
      - better living standards; increased education and literacy rates
        
        9 years of free education --> well-paid jobs
        
        healthcare, education, subsidised meals of workers
        
        1936 end of rationing allowed people to purchase items to fulfill basic needs
        
        13-65% female literacy rate
    - - poor coordination and wastage
        
        uneducated workers = cannot repair broken machinery
        
        factories: under-production due to shortage, over-production to exceed targets
        
        result in wastage of materials + substandard, hazardous materials made in haste to meet production targets
        
        (wastage, unmet production targets that were never reported and low quality products)
      - fall in standard of living
        
        emphasis on heavy industry = consumer goods & housing neglected
        
        strong arms industry but weak consumer industries
        
        paired with increasing population = poor, cramped, unhygienic living conditions w/o basic necessities
        
        suffer in winter as cannot afford proper heating systems at home, shortage of winter wear, rationed supplies --> basic needs x
        
        (lack of goods, harsh living working conditions)
        
        workers were pushed hard to achieve over-ambitious goals of 5YP for low wages
    - - creation of new soviet man
  - - - sufficient grain collected (food shortage and import of materials)
        
        raise enough to feed towns and export to buy industrial equipment
        
        control of quotas of production by govt led to increased crop harvest
        
        1940: all farms collectivised --> grain collection from 1928-31 rose from 10.8m tonnes to 22.8m tonnes in 1931
        
        govt gained twice this amt as they resold the grain at 4 times the price they paid farmers for
        
        (use of extensive human and material resources to solve food shortage + necessary capital to industrialise and import western machinery)
    - - destroyed agriculture --> Great Famine
        
        wealthy kulaks opposed collectivisation as they wanted private land
        
        decided to burn/ hide their crops, kill their livestock and prevent them from being taken over
        
        resulted in punishment by being given impossibly high quota, which when unmet, would result in confiscation of food and seeds
        
        1931-1934: dramatic drop in quantity of crop harvest esp in Ukraine where there is greatest resistance --> Great Famine where nearly 7 million peasants starved to death (and govt still did not give them the stockpiles, instead export it to earn money)
        
        (worsened living conditions)
    - - support industrialisation + solve food shortage
        
        5YP can only happen if USSR can import machinery from Wester capitalist nations --> need funds + foos shortage faced by factory workers in industrial towns
        
        greater machinery = efficient farming --> need bigger plots of land so that tractors could be in use
        
        hence 1.less people needed in farms and more can work in industrial towns + 2. increased production rate for food shortage + 3. surplus of grain can be exported to Western countries to raise funds to import West machinery to support industrialisation
      - support communist ideas of equality
        
        existence of kulaks with private land was against communism
        
        communist party want to eliminate the classes of peasants and saw collectivisation as the best soln
        
        collectivisation caused land-owning kulaks to lose their land and reducing them to the same class as an ordinary peasant
        
        support communist goal of building classless society
    - - divide the peasant class for reduced unity & resistance
      - make people believe collectivisation was a huge success
  - - - Kirov Affair
        
        launch campaign later known as Great Terror to eliminate all opposition and threat to his rule after Sergei Kirov's assassination
        
        mass arrests or ordinary members who were purged - dead or sent to gulags
        
        1937 Great Purge
    - - live in fear
        
        thousands purged as they were considered as threat due to opposition
        
        people were cautious and wary and Stalin encouraged ppl to inform NKVD on neighbours, family, colleagues etc.
        
        slightest hint of anti-Stalin sentiment = arrest due to constant monitoring
        
        NKVD takes people away anyday anytime and places them in gulags for cheap slave labour where there were harsh work and living conditions / immediate execution
        
        20m lost lives in purges
        
        (fear od being arrested and sent to gulags, hence lived in fear. this instilled fear helped Stalin to establsih control as no opposition)
      - loss of able leaders and intellectuals
        
        purge of these ppl
        
        admins and teachers as they could potentially oppose him --> loss of able govt leaders and education quality
        
        industrial engineers/scientists as they opposed him --> no vital skilled workers = low quality of goods, bridges, dams
        
        military due to strong Trotsky connections --> loss of experienced soldiers, disadvantage for WWII
        
        e.g. 2/3 of Red Army Commanders were purged
        
        (elimination of older figures allowed Stalin to promote younger men who were loyal, but at the loss of many able people)
    - - purges of Leningrad's Party - target intellectuals and ordinary people
      - former Politburo members (Kamanev, Bukharin, Zinoviev) accused of plotting with Trotsky and put on show trials where they were threatened to plead guilty to untrue charges
      - by 1939, nobody dared to openly oppose Stalin
  - - - boosted authority and status
        
        main campaign: Cult of the Leader to portray Stalin as strong, father-like and the success of USSR
        
        propaganda used to build up profile of strong, ideal leader
        
        ideal, strong: loyal/intimidated artists praised him in books, films, musicals
        
        boost status: rewrite Soviet history to show him in positive light and discredit rivals, edit photographs to remove unwanted ppl who were a threat to his rule
        
        appear close to ppl: retain humble Sec-Gen position, pictured wearing ordinary clothes and smiling
        
        remove trotsky from pic with lenin leading communist party to victory
        
        (people accept myth of Stalin as strong, flawless and had unquestionable authority --> make opposition more impossible)
- - - - when Lenin died, Lenin put himself in charge of his funeral as Chief Mourner
      - in speeches, he showed himself a good friend of Lenin and deeply sorrowful of his loss --> people think he is the natural successor
      - kept Trotsky from attending by giving him the wrong date --> people think Trotsky is disrespectful etc. put him in bad light
      - e.g. renamed Petrograd to Leningrad in his honour
      - people hence saw Stalin as the natural successor to Lenin and supported him
    - - as Sec-Gen, Stalin had the power to control Party organisation
      - he thus replaced any political threat or rivals with loyal supporters to gain control of the Party --> people who support Stalin would vote in his favour at meetings as they owed their jobs and benefits to him
      - e.g. gained control of NKVD and hence causing Trotsky's support base to shrink considerably --> he was forced to resign from the Red Army after being voted off at a meeting filled with Stalin's supporters
      - therefore his position allowed him to control party organisation and hence gain control and remove Trotsky, his rival, from power
    - - communist party was split between the moderates and radicals who had very different ideology
      - Stalin took advantage of this gap to eliminate members of the party by siding with each side at different times
      - 1927: eliminate Trotsky by forming 1924 Troika Alliance with Kamanev and Zinoviev
      - isolate Kamanev and Zinoviev by convincing the rightists that they polotted with Trotsky to overthrow the govt
      - 1929-30: eliminate Bukharin and Rykov by gaining support of rightists, then attacking them when they opposed Stalin's measures of industrialisation --> they side with Stalin and kick Bukharin and Rykov
      - exploitation of ideological divisions allowed Stalin to isolate and eliminate any political threat within the party, allowing Stalin to become undisputed leader of USSR by 1930