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Biology {Immune System Summer} :sweet_potato: - Coggle Diagram
Biology {Immune System Summer} :sweet_potato:
Phagocytes
It is a non-specific immune response
Structure
multi-lobed nucleus, sensitive cell membrane- this detects chemicals released by pathogenic cells, granules of digestive enzymes (cytoplasm).
Phagocytes carry out phagocytosis by engulfing and digesting pathogens
A specific response is when it only works on a specific pathogen
Lymphocytes
Structure
large round nucleus, clear non-granular nucleus
It is a specific type of immune response
Lymphocytes release antibodies with complementary antigens belonging to the pathogen and release antitoxins to neutralise toxins released by pathogens
Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins with a shape that is specific (complementary) to the antigens on the surface of the pathogen and cause agglutination (clumping together) stopping the pathogenic cells from moving easily. They also release chemicals to signal to phagocytes that there are cells there to be destroyed.
Each lymphocyte only has one specific antibody
An antigen is a molecule found on the surface of the cell.
Lymphocytes can clone themselves to produce enough specific antibodies
Memory cells store information on how to make specific antibodies to combat a paticular pathogen
Vaccines
Disadvantages
side-effects from vaccine (rash or severe reactions like seizures)
A harmless pathogen is injected which triggers an immune response, lymphocytes produce antibodies (may take days) and clone themselves, memory cells (lasting years) are created so when the antigen is encountered again the antibody will be produced sooner, faster and in a greater quantity
Advantages
long-term immunity, epidemics can be prevented if a large number of the population is vaccinated
Immune Response (Summary)
A pathogen (fungi, bacteria, protists, viruses) enters the bloodstream and multiplies. In the case of bacteria they release toxins.
Then they infect body cells causing the body to show symptoms of illness.
The sensitive cell membrane of the phagocyte detects the chemicals released by the pathogen, engulf and digest it.
When the pathogen encounters a lymphocyte, which recognises/makes its antigens and produces specific antibodies to combat the pathogen and clone themselves, cause agglutination (clump together), release chemicals to alert phagocytes
Phagocytes come engulf and digest the pathogen
After the patient is recovered, they retain antibodies specific to the pathogen and memory cells.
In the secondary immune response, antibodies are made sooner, faster and in a greater quantity