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English history (Part III), By 1641, Parliament was convinced that Charles…

- - - - Defeat against the Scots forced Charles to pay reparations, which required Parliament, which was recalled.
        
        However this time, under the leadership of John Pym, it passed the Triennial Act (1641), which required Parliament to be summoned at least once every 3 years.
        
        Parliament also passed the Habeas Corpus Act (1640), which dissolved the Star Chamber and required a reason for people to be arrested.
      - Seeing a weakened England, Ireland rose up in revolt under the leadership of Phelim O'Neil.
      - In 1641 the Grand Remonstrance was passed, a list of grievances against Charles and a set of proposed reforms.
      - Parliament did not forget that he had ruled without it for 11 years, so it did not cooperate and was dissolved after 3 weeks. [The Short Parliament]
  - - - They had escaped, and thus Charles only made himself more unpopular, with Parliament creating the Committee of Safety a temporary ruling body that took control of London and made Charles flee the city.
    - - The Roundheads controlled the largest cities and also the navy, thus controlling trade. Charles had better commanders and the support of Scotland.
    - - Parliament eventually managed to get some Scottish support and devastate the Royalist at Marston Moor (1644), thus taking control of all the North.
  - - - Parliament attempted to disband the army, but under the leadership of Sir Thomas Fairfax, they refused.
      - The Levellers, which were quite popular among the army, wanted a more democratic society in England.
    - - However, the rebels were quickly crushed and the Scottish beaten at Preston (1648). Charles then attempted to negotiate with the Grandees (the leaders of the army), but they called him a tyrant and refused.
      - Still in 1648, under the leadership of Thomas Pride, some soldiers stormed Parliament and removed those who opposed the Grandees (Pride's Purge).
        
        What was left, called Rump Parliament, charges Charles with high treason, and thus he was beheaded in 1649.
  - - - Upon returning to England from Ireland in 1650, Cromwell had to deal with the Scottish, who had crowned Charles II as king.
        
        The Scottish were quickly beaten and Charles II ran away to the continent in 1651, ending the war.
      - By 1652, Ireland was once again under control, ending all major Royalist resistance in the Isles.
- - - - A new Parliament, the Convention Parliament, accepted Charles II as king of England in 1660, ending the Commonwealth.
- - - - However, parliament passes the Test Acts, making sure that all office holders required a communion from the Anglican Church.
      - His court was full of libertinism, meaning lots of debauchery, such as the Earl of Rochester.
    - - To avoid relying on Parliament, Charles signs the Secret Treaty of Dover (1670) with Louis XIV of France, in which England agrees to help France against the Dutch, but also secretly Charles should convert to Catholicism when possible, which he did on his deathbed.
  - - - The Bloody Asizes followed up the rebellion, a series of brutal trials to punish the participants and even those who supported them, making James look like a tyrant.
    - - When questioned about his right to suspend the Test Acts made law by Parliament, James invokes the Divine Right, which is not popular among Englishmen.
    - - James already had a protestant daughter, Mary, who was married to William III, Prince of Orange, who was also a grandson of Charles I, and is thus invited to take the throne as long as he respects Parliament.
    - - The 2 signed the Bill of Rights (1689) strengthening Parliament and the Protestants, and also prohibiting Catholic monarchs and monarchs married to Catholics.
      - With the passing of the Bill of Rights, Parliamentary supremacy over the law is finally secured.