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ARCH3220 WK 4 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Vancouver
        
        becoming more like hong kong
        
        harsh criticisms have emerged at a local level
        
        'the other' is now inside the core
        
        front door to the pacific and have long standing ties to the Chinese Japanese and Indians which have grown recently due to the Chinese immigration and investment
        
        the growing presence of Chinese immigrants has changed the built environment
        
        apartments in Vancouver were put on sale in Hong Kong before Vancouver which caused unrest among the Vancouver residents
        
        new residences have a higher relation with the Chinese traditional geomantic practices such as feng shui, yin and yang and qi
        
        hybrid houses
        
        looked western
        
        had different spatial qualities
        
        entrance ways were particularly large and spacious and had double doors
        
        often box shaped
        
        clad in coloured brick
        
        had a large façade window
        
        house prices in wealthier neighbourhoods rose almost 300%
        
        widespread anger amongst Canadians about the destruction of Canadian culture
        
        settlements of immigrants were largely located in the inner city, Chinatown and little Tokyo being the most visible.
        
        most immigrants lived in cheap hotels and used the street as a living space and a place to meet
        
        when loggers left the forest they headed to Vancouver's Gastown which has lent itself to a more masculine character in the urban landscape
        
        the reason the new wave of hybridity is such an issue is because the immigrants instead of living in Chinatown or little Tokyo or occupying the more traditionally immigrant parts of the city are coming with wealth and buying houses in the suburbs and specifically building houses it has led to resentment among locals
        
        Chinatown was described in local discourse as a filthy, erotic and dangerous ghettos and it was a world far removed from 'here' where the dominant community dwelled. but with the move to the suburbs from 'ethnic parts' of the city they are now situated 'here' instead of 'out there'
    - - in 1980's a growing number of post modernist theorists discarded binarized frames of analysis and began to examine the fragmented, mobile and ambiguous nature of culture
      - the new orientation can be traced to Mikhail Bakhtin whose philological model of intentional hybridity proposed an ideological framework which set different elements against each other within a conflictual structure
      - Homi Bhabba developed the potentially subversive side of the concept
      - Bhabba's formulations appealed to cultural critics who see them as opening new possibilities to rethink resistance and dominance
      - an abrupt generalization of the hybridity model to all times and places succumbs to a temptation to homogenize multiple realities
  - - - used to describe things, as defined by oxford English dictionary, "derived from heterogenous sources, or composed of different or incongruous elements"
      - in 1861 it was also used to denote the crossing of people of different races
      - wasn't until the 1980's that white-supremist ideologies in relation to hybridity started to become broken
    - - the branch of knowledge that deals with the structure, historical development, and relationships of a language or languages.
    - - Third Space Theory suggests that every person is a hybrid of their unique set of affinities (identity factors). Conditions and locations of social and cultural exclusion have their reflection in symbolic conditions and locations of cultural exchange
      - "all forms of culture are continually in a process of hybridity
    - - Hegemony derives from the Greek term hēgemonia (“dominance over”), which was used to describe relations between city-states. Its use in political analysis was somewhat limited until its intensive discussion by the Italian politician and Marxist philosopher Antonio Gramsci.
    - - historical authenticity
- - - - ignorance of indigenous occupation and tenure over land rationalised and excused the displacement of the indigenous by the colonisers
      - applied as a stereotype of the aboriginal Australians, a reductionist nomadic label ignored the indigenous land tenure systems, evidence of habitual campsites and a diverse range of dwellings that varied according to purpose and season
      - the deep attachment to the land is described as country
      - three overlapping phases of aboriginal architecture since colonisation
        
        classical aboriginal ethno-architecture
        
        used at the time of colonisation
        
        endured into the mid twentieth century in some places
        
        secondary hybrid phase
        
        aboriignal and torres strait people adopted the settlers tools and materials which led to a secondary more sedentary pattern of settlement
        
        third government led phase
        
        provided aboriginal people with different forms of housing
        
        in some towns, indigenous housing committees had some say in the design and procurement but was largley at the mercy of the government policies and funding
      - at the time of colonisation, clan groups had a repertoire of shelter types based of size of community, season, use with more rudimentary and adaptive builds to semi permanent dwellings and in the later camps, ceremonial obligations drew large groups and well-resourced areas might sustain a large camp for up to several months
      - social organisation affected the layout and demography of the camp with spatially bounded areas for women and for single men and boys
      - architectural form varied from region ot region but some like windbreaks were consistent across the country
      - material availability influenced the structure and cladding in most areas
    - - the displacement and disruption of aboriginal society altered customary settlement patterns and changed traditional building practices
        
        geographic factors
        
        the intensity of conflict and population decline
        
        the extent of dispossession from ancestral country shaped aboriginal and islander social and architectural responses to the new conditions
      - in densely settled European areas, clan groups were often rapidly alienated from their own lands
      - the displaced aboriginal people who survived were forced to adapt, living around the margins of the expanding towns and cities, forming communities on government declared reserves or vacant land, or coerced into missions
      - in more remote areas, some aboriginal groups adjusted their patterns to remain on traditional lands into the twentieth century
      - in the Torres strait, the maritime focused economy reduced effects of colonisation on customary settlement patterns although the market economy and missionary activity were socially disruptive and caused significant cultural change
      - during early contact, aboriginal mobility throughout regions became more and more limited and they were forced into more sedentary style of dwelling
      - they adapted to this more sedentary style through the use of humpies
      - mobility and settlement patterns across clan estates, connecting people to place, language and ritual were replaced by sedentary settlements, often far removed from ancestral land
    - - attempted to Christianise and civilise aboriginal people
      - they envisaged the spiritual and cultural conversion of aboriginal and Torres strait islander people including remaking their relationship with to an altered landscape
      - just as the mission statement was formed by an enclosure, so to were the aboriginal people to be constructed by placing them in houses
      - the government approved of the missions but gave little or no financial support
      - the protections act originally authorised the church control over the missions except NSW where the state took control in 1893
      - by the late 1980's the majority of the remaining missions had been transferred to aboriginal or Torres strait islander administered communities
    - - as the country was being mapped out, the government et aside small parts of land for indigenous people
      - the threat of removal under the states act was used to regulate behaviour and maintain a supply of aboriginal labour
      - due to insufficient funds, supply of houses was substandard quality and poorly serviced
      - due to poor quality of services, health issues were an ever present threat
    - - assimilation was discussed in the 1930's but not introduced until 1951
      - housing was a key factor in assimilation due to the poor quality of missions and reserves
      - transitional housing was tried by state governments as a partial solution to the shortage of indigenous housing
      - residents rarely used the transitional housing, it being a single skin aluminium shed ill suited for a desert climate and instead used it as storage
    - - decade following the 1967 referendum that amended 2 sections of the constitution allowing for a formal count of aboriginal people
        and changed law making for aboriginal people from the state to federal governments
      - government advocated self-determination encouraged by the policies of the Whitlam labour government
      - ATSIHP directed its effort to different climatic regions with programmes for desert and tropical housing
      - failed experimentation of designs were often due to multiple different reasons
      - in 1976, peter martin and Julian Wigley were given full time positions on the AHP with Walter Dobkins joining Wigley in central Australia in1977
      - AHP was disbanded in 1978 but some of the members helped establish an architectural branch for the tangentyere council
      - bruce walker established the CAT in Alice springs in 1980
      - the CAT collaborated with architects on housing and employed one of the first architectural graduates Andrew Lane
      - medical practitioners working in remote Aboriginal health recognised the connection between poor quality living environments and poor health often manifest in chronic diseases
      - the formation of diverse and widespread Indigenous-run housing organisations came from the policy shift towards self-determination
      - initiated in 1989, the commonwealth-funded National Aboriginal Health Strategy included physical environment in a broader definition of factors contributing to Indigenous health
    - - for the first 15 years, aboriginal housing was of poor standards and chronic shortfalls
      - also continued to have high household numbers
  - - - in 1992, the mabo case overturned the British assumption that prior to 1788 the aboriginal people had no concept of land ownership and that the country was terra nullis
    - - aboriginal word meaning home, camp, shelter
    - - a word borrowed from the Brisbane region meaning dwelling
    - - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Housing Panel
    - - Aboriginal Housing Panel
    - - Centre for Appropriate Technology
    - - Indigenous Community Housing Organisations
    - - National Aboriginal Health Strategy