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Jesus Carranza P2 Organization of the Human Body - Coggle Diagram
Jesus Carranza P2
Organization of the Human Body
Planes and Sections of the body
Planes
Transverse (Axial)
horizontal plane
divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts
Frontal (Coronal)
vertical plane running from side to side
divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions
Sagittal (Lateral)
vertical plane running from front to back
divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides
Oblique
a plane that can be any angle other than horizontal or vertical
All Major Body System
Endocrine: glands secrete hormones that regulate things such as growth, reproduction, nutrient use
Cardiovascular: blood vessels transport, blood which carries o2 and co2 wastes, heart pumps blood
Nervous: responds to internal and external changing by activating muscles and glands
Lymphatic: picks up fluid from vessels, returns to blood
Respiratory: keeps blood supplied w/ o2 removes co2
Muscular: allows manipulation of environment, locomotion, facial expressions
Digestive: breaks down food into units for blood
Skeletal: protects and supports body organs, provides framework the muscles use to cause movement
Urinary: eliminates nitrogenous waste, regulates h2o, acis
Integumentory: forms external body covering and protects tissues
Reproductive; keeps human life, eggs and testes, ovaries
Directional Terms
Anterior (Ventral): toward or front of body
Posterior (Dorsal): toward or back of body
Inferior (Cuadal): away from head, below
Superior (Cranial): toward the head, above
Medial: toward midline, on innerside
Lateral: away midline, on outerside
Intermediate: between a mere medial and lateral
Proximal: closer to origin of the body, part or at point of attachment (trunk)
Distal: farther from the origin of body part or at point of attachment
Superficial: toward or at body surface
Deep: away from body surface, more internal
Body Cavities
Dorsal (Posterior)
Vertebral : spinal cord
Cranial : brain
Ventral (Anterior)
Abdominopelvic
Abdominal
Pelvic
Thoaric
Oral
Nasal
Digestive
Orbital
Middle ear
Synovial
Levels of Organization
Chemical: atoms, molecules, and organelles
Cellular:single cell
Tissue: groups of similar cells
Organ: contains two or more types of tissues
Organ system level: organs that work closely together
Organismal: all organ systems combined to make the whole organism
Body Regions
Appendicular
Upper extremity
Antebrachial (forearm)
Antecubital (inner elbow)
Brachial (upper arm)
Carpal (wrist)
Cubital (elbow)
Digital (fingers/toes)
Manual (hand)
Palmar (palm
Lower extremity
Crural (shin, front of lower leg)
Femoral (thigh)
Patellar (front of knee)
Pedal (foot)
Plantar (arch of foot)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf, back of lower leg)
Tarsal (ankle)
Axial
Head and neck
Cephalic (head)
Cervical (neck)
Cranial (skull)
Frontal (forehead)
Nasal (nose)
Occipital (base of skull)
Oral (mouth)
Orbital/ocular (eyes)
Thorax
Axillary (armpit)
Costal (ribs)
Deltoid (shoulder)
Mammary (breast)
Pectoral (chest)
Scapular (shoulder blade)
Sternal (breastbone)
Vertebral (backbone)
Abdomen
Abdominal (abdomen)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Inguinal (bend of hip)
Lumbar (lower back)
Pelvic (area between hipbones)
Perineal (area between anus and external genitalia)
Pubic (genitals)
Sacral (end of vertebral column)
Homeostasis and Feedback Loops
Negative Feedback: response
reduces original stimulus
Variable changes in opposite
direction of initial change
Homeostasis: maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes in environment
control center: determines set point at which variable is maintained
Effector: receives output, responds stimuli (positive/negative)
receptor: monitors enivroment
Positive Feedback:
response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
exhibit a cascade or amplifying effect as feedback causes variable to continue in same direction