T1DM

Two types

Immune mediated: beta cells destroyed by autoimmune process

Idiopathic: cause of beta cell function loss

Signs and symptoms

Polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, wound healing, weight loss

DKA

Produce ketones to use for energy when body can't use glucose for energy, increases blood acidity

Complications

Heart disease (CVD)

Kidneys: DKD - diabetes increases BP = damage to kidneys, tested for DKD annually if have had T1DM >5 yrs

Diabetic neuropathy: nerve damage, delayed wound healing, ulcers and amputation

Diabetic retinopathy: high BGLs weaken/damage small blood vessels within retina, can cause haemorrhages

Diagnosis

Fasting plasma, random plasma, OGTT (fasting: 5.5-6.9, random: 5.5-11), HbA1c, geno testing

Hyperglycaemia >15mmol/L

Causes: not enough insulin, eating too much carbs, sick/infection, stress, reduced PA

Symptoms: thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, urination, lack of concentration, irritable

Hypoglycaemia <4mmol/L

Causes: missing a meal, not eating enough carbs for a given dose of insulin, unplanned PA, strenuous exercise, drinking alcohol, some meds

Symptoms: shaking, trembling, weakness, sweating, light headed/headache, paleness, slurred speech, unconsciousness, confusion

CHO portions

3-4 for women or 4-5 for men at main meals and 1-2 at snacks (PEN)

Possible PES

Inconsistent Carbohydrate intake

Inappropriate intake of carbohydrates