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GREEN REVOLUTION - Coggle Diagram
GREEN REVOLUTION
techniques that increase the crop yield
irrigation
the artificial supply of water to agricultural land
without water in the soil, roots can't get nutrients
the lack of water kills the plant
water is essential for plant growth
a large porcentage of plant is water
irrigation replaces rainfall in dry regions, droughts or dry seasons
water for this must be use efficently
can use freshwater that isn't potable, but has to be free of pollution and low in salt
farming uses 70% of freshwater used in the world
irrigation process
collection and storage of water
collection
river or lakes
collect rainwater
from field run-off
from roofs
underground water supplies
storage
underground or covered reservoirs
expensive, less evaporation
open reservoirs
simpler and cheaper, lot of evaporation
transportation of water
through solid pipes
more effective (don't loss water), more expensive and hard to construct
through rills
easy and cheap to install, wasteful (the soil absorb water)
application to the plants
overhead sprinkle
water droplets falls on top of the crop
clay pot system
filled with water and buried next to the roots
trickle drip system
leaky pipes that are on the surface between the rows of crops
most sustainable
flood irrigation
water flows over the soil throughout the crop
misuse
soil erosion
loss of nutrients
soil capping
death of roots
salinisation
compact the soil
make cultivation more diffiicult
maximising the use of water
irrigate at night
reduce water loss from crops by providing them with shelter
using windbreaks
reduce evaporation from the soil
cover them form the heat of the sun
herbicides
block irrigation systems
block drainage systems
make cultivation difficult
be source of pests and diseases to the crops
be poisonous to livestock or humans
look untidy
can compete with the crops for nutrients, water and light
are used to
clear an area completely before planting crops
kill specific weeds growing among crops, using selective herbicides
Applying herbicides inappropriately can:
damage the crop
weeds can develop herbicide resistance.
impact on the local ecosystem, damaging vegetation in an area
controlling weeds
Alternatives to herbicides:
Weed barriers: cover the ground with black plastic and stop light reach them
Flame guns are only suitable before plantation.
Remove individual weeds with the hand.
liquid herbicides and granulated herbicides
chemical herbicides vs alternatives
herbicides
can be cheaper
results are more predictable
last longer
less labour
easier to manage
effects can be faster
alternatives
not affect surroiunding vegetation
no risk of killing crops
not contribute to herbicide resistance
no risk of filt into rivers and affect the water
control of pest and diseases
pesticides, insecticides and herbicides
a disease is caused by pathogend: fungi, bacteria or viruses
Applying them incorrectly, can be risky to the environment, as they can affect other organisms in the area and food webs. Also, they can be poisonous to humans.
A pest is an animal that attacks or feeds upon the plant. Pests are controlled with pesticides. When this is an insect, insecticides are used.
Alternatives to chemical control
Predators are introduce to the area and they feed on the pest, controlling the infestation
pros and cons of natural predators
pros
safer
no chemicals on plants
farmers don´t use protection
don´t spread the chemicals to other places
no need of reapplication as they reproduce
cons
predator maybe not stay on the crop, so this is not controlled
not so fast as chemicals
might impact on local ecosystem and food web
1 more item...
chemical control pros and cons
pros
effective and usefull
crop yield increases
bigger crops on less land
keep food afordable
deforestation decreases
cons
can cause resistance in pest population
chemicals can reach water courses
kill beneficial insects
fertilisers
is a chemical that gives to the soil minerals that are essential for their growth.
replace the minerals in the soil that the plants took or were washed away by the rain.
two types:
organic
substances that come from natural sources: animal manured, compost, bone meal, dried blood
needs more storage space, they occupy a lot.
reduce risks of eutrophication
in a mixed farm, they are more economical
less contamination in the process
no manufacturing and less transportation solution
inorganic
more precise for the needs of each plant
their manufacture, transportation and packaging are costly and pollute the enviorment
cleaner and easier to store and transport
substances produced in a factory
what do farmers consider before applying them
identify the crops that needs additional fertilisers and the missing nutrients
apply at an adequate time or quantity, so they are not wasted
plants absorb the nutreints only if the soil has enough moisture
take into account the weather and soil conditions
excess of rain and irrigation wash fertilisers away before the plant harness its benefits
pros
help the plants grow healthier and stronger
plants are less able to get diseases and pests
provide additional supply of essential nutrients
help the soil stay healthy
cons (overapplication)
negative impact on plant growth, can be toxic for them
alterations on the pH of the soil
can't take nutrients
alterations in the plant's osmosis
is how plants can absorb water form soil. roots have a higher solute concentration than the soil, so the water flows into them.
reverse osmosis: too much fertiliser in the soil will affect the balance, will increase the concentration of solutes in the soil.
water flow off the plant
eutrophication
fertilisers reach lakes and rivers through surface runoff
the increase in nutrients cause algal bloom
the algae block the sun and die
organic matter in the water increases and provide more food to the bacteria that descompose the dead algae
bacteria consume oxygen
1 more item...
plant growing too fast
can't support itself and can get pests and diseases
can filter into water supplies, affecting drinking water
mechanisation
is the use of agriculutral machinery that increase farm productivity
use technology, implements and tools for arable and pastoral farming
importance
plays one of the most of the important roles in increasing the yield of a farm
using machines allow larger areas to be cultivated easily by one person
reduce labour costs
tractors work the land of arable agriculure
prepare the land, plough, plant, havesting
can add attachments to apply fertilisers and pesticides, irrigation or flame guns
disadvantages
use of energy
air pollution
change of landscape
reomove natural vegetation for fields being larger
soil compaction
less air spaces
loss of jobs
replace handwork
crop rotation
growing different types of plants in different plots each year and each crop benefits other
needs less fertilisers as nutrients conserved better in the soil
the next crop can use the mineral nutrients that the previous crop left.
less pests attack them
less labour and less machinery are needed, as crops are harvested at different times.
less diseases affect the plants
selective breeding
humans artificially select organisms to reproduce together so that the wanted genes can dominate the population
process
Select the individuals that have the best characteristics
breed them together
choose only the best individuals of this new generation and breed them together again.
This is over and over again, only breeding which have the best characteristics.
genetic modification (another method)
inserts a gene from one organism into the DNA of another
pros
both: increase agricultural yield
GM results are faster and more efficent
both: more food is produced
both: crops can be protected again pests
cons
loss of biodiversity
less variation in a population
controlling the enviorment
growing enviorment has an impact on the yield
farmers try to control it and prevent bad conditions for their crops and livestock
large areas
difficult and expensive, are techniques that increse yield
use windbreakes to reduce the wind
remove trees to give light to the crops
give shade to cattle
smaller areas
invest money in controlling the enviorment
with greenhouses they can control most enviormental conditions to increase crop yield
humidity
oxygen
temperature
carbon dioxide
light
soil moisture
greenhouses
is a building made that manage the enviorment for plant growth
greenhouse effect
sun rays pass through the transparent matrerial and the sun's energy is converted into heat. This is trapped and the temperature becomes warmer
vertical farming
harness the space
hydroponic
farming is grown in greenhouses
growth of plants using just water and dissolved nutrients replace soils
the implementation of a variety of techniques
increase the food production, allowing the growing population´s freedom choice