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Biology {Blood, Blood Vessels, CHD & the Heart Summer} 🦋 - Coggle…
Biology {Blood, Blood Vessels, CHD & the Heart Summer} 🦋
The Heart
Oxygenated blood comes from the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium then through the mitral/bicuspid valve to the left ventricle and exits through the aortic valves to the aorta and the rest of the body.
Deoxygenated blood comes from the vena cave (superior/inferior) to the right atrium then through the tricuspid to the right ventricle and exits through the pulmonary veins to pulmonary artery and lungs.
Differences between Ventricles: left ventricle consists of thicker muscle for greater pressure for the blood to be pushed around the body.
Blood
white blood cells large cells, big nucleus, immune system (lymphocytes. phagocytes)
platelets fragments of cells made in bone marrow. if skin is cut and the blood is exposed to air the platelets are stimulated producing a chemical that causes the protein fibrinogen to turn into fibrin. fibrin traps red blood cells, forming a clot stops pathogens from entering wound. This develops into a scab which protects damaged tissue while new skin grows.
red blood cells no nucleus(maximise space), biconcave discs (increased SA), small and flexible(squeeze through capillaries) thin cell membrane(short diffusion distance) plenty of haemoglobin to carry oxygen
plasma straw coloured, mostly water, transports varied substances- CO2, urea to kidney, hormones, soluble breakdown products (glucose and amino acids) heat energy to maintain consistent temperature for enzymes
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Blood Vessels
arteries<fast> narrow lumen (high pressure to push blood), thick muscular walls (elastic fibres to withstand high pressure and maintain blood pressure)
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capillaries<slow> thin walls (one cell thick for short diffusion distance) 'leaky' walls allow blood plasma to leak out and form tissue around cells
Heart Rate
Exercise- heart rate increases, and the volume of blood pumped out of heart increases because the muscle cells need more energy so they are respiring more rapidly using up oxygen and glucose more quickly so the nervous system must react to increase how much blood is going to the muscle cells.If they cannot provide it, the muscle cells will start doing anaerobic respiration producing a build of lactic acid which then makes an oxygen debt that needs off be paid off in a recovery period.
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Exam Question: how do high altitudes affect an athlete's performance Training at high altitude will give the athlete more haemoglobin in their blood meaning more oxygen can be carried and used for respiration releasing more energy . Therefore, there will a lower rate of anaerobic respiration -> less lactic acid build up and oxygen debt-> muscles will get less fatigued during races-> athletes can run for longer/faster/further without getting tired.
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Exam Question: effects of baby being born with hole in heart -allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix so it can go into the left ventricle which reduces the amount of oxygenated blood flowing to body cells -less aerobic respiration -slow growth, 'blue' babies
Exam Question: you can get CHD from layers of fatty deposit (plaque) building up inside the coronary arteries. Most of these fatty deposits come from cholesterol. Arteries lose their elasticity to let blood through. Partial blockage can lead to severe chest pains called angina and complete blockage can lead to a heart attack.Treatment of CHD involves either increasing the width of the lumen of the coronary arteries using a stent, or prescribing statins to lower blood cholesterol