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One Health - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance
      - Strengthen knowledge through surveillance and research
      - Reduce the incidence of infection
      - Optimize the use of antimicrobial agents
      - Develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries, and increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines etc
  - - - Education
      - Surveillance and Risk Assessment
      - Research
      - Prevention and Control of Infection
      - Optimisation of Antimicrobial Use
- - - - Ecological changes and agricultural development---climate change, urban change(natural habitat destroyed, a disease reservoir that enter urban area and interact with humans)
      - Changes in human demographics and behaviour
      - International travel and commerce (bringing the virus to another place)
      - Microbial adaptation and change (virus evolve)
      - Breakdown of public health measures and deficiencies in public health infrastructure (diff health agencies come tgt for the development of human health)
- - - - Indirect(already infected food source infects a clean food source before being consumed) -Slaughtered carcasses can be contaminated via contact with the intestinal contents of the chickens ( no proper separation from intestine which has the most bacteria)
        Direct - Human salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis can arise from consuming the infected poultry
  - - - E. coli O157:H7 – in cattle
      - Salmonella enteritidis – in poultry and eggs
      - Campylobacter jejuni – in poultry
      - Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Strep) – in fish
- - - - Bacteriophage(virus) infect donor cell, when it is released the donor cell dies. The bacteriophage invades recipient cell and can transfer the AB resistant gene in the process
    - - When the AB resistant gene is transferred to the recipient cell via a plasmid
    - - When the DNA gene is picked up by the recipient cell and inserted into its genome
- - - - route that disease that can pass through:wildlife> livestock> human
    - - human smuggler interact with wild animals e.g
    - - GBS case eg(disease in raw fish)
    - - mosquito>blood of bird which carries disease>mosquito is vector and pass to humans