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Histology, Tissues - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Types
        
        Fibrocartilage: where support and tensile strength is needed. Found in capsules of joints, pubic symphysis, and fibrosus portion of intevertebral discs. Has both TYPE I AND TYPE II COLLAGEN. Seen as dense pink tissue with parallel fibers
        
        Elastic: Has elastic fibers in matrix, usually where rebound is needed such as ears and epiglottis. Seen with special stain but looks very hairy and wirey
        
        Hyaline: MOST common. Found at joint surfaces, nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and embryonic skeleton. Stains Blue and has a glassy clear appearance. Dense in Proteoglycans.
      - Growth
        
        Interstitial: cell division of existing chondrocytes within existing mass of cartilage. Usually for lengthening of bones.
        
        Appositional: adding from edges inward. Used Chondroblasts. Usually used for immature fetal skeleton
      - Cells
        
        Perichondrium: the residual thin lining of cells around formed cartilage:
        
        Chondrocytes: Mature, produce maintenance amounts. Site in Lacunae
        
        Chondroblasts: Immature cells used in formation. Produce a LOT
    - - Terms
        
        Volkmann's Canal: small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals
        
        Havesian System/ Osteon: in compact bone, where there is a small channel running parallel to long axis of bone containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics. Is the canal with associated osteocytes
        
        Secondary bone: more organized collagen, fewer osteocytes, maximum mineralization
        
        Spongey: Cancellous and has thin pieces of bone is epiphysis and is compressible like sponge. The spongy section has bone marrow and has red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
        
        Compact: Dense bone that is smooth, white and hard. Holds 80% skeletal mass
        
        Primary Bone: First type of bone that is immature. Irregular arrangement of collagen, large osteocytes, low mineral content. Aka woven bone
      - Epiphyseal plate: region of growing cartilage between epiphyses and diaphysis. Allows for long bone growth
        
        Closure Plate: When the cartilage stops proliferating and is replaced by bone fusing from diaphysis to epiphyses (18-25 years)
        
        Ossification: Osteoblasts move in and secrete osteoid where the degenerate cartilage was
        
        Degeneration: Chondracytes die and regenerate. Matrix is mineralized and darker.
        
        Hypertrophy: Chondrocytes increase cell size, stop making collagen and proteoglycan and secrete alakaline phosphatase
        
        Proliferation: Chondrocytes multiply + arrange in parallel columns (main zone for bone growth)
        
        Resting: Chondrocytes are at rest in hyaline cartilage
      - Growth
        
        Secondary Ossification: in the epiphyses of long bones and in parts of irregular and flat bones
        
        Primary Ossification: occurs during fetal development
        
        Epiphysis: EXTREME END OF BONE
        
        Diaphysis: SHAFT OF THE BONE
        
        Endochondral: Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone. Cartilage is destrolyed as osteoblasts move in and deposit their own matrix. usually for all bones except where intramembranous occurs
        
        Intramembranous: Bone formation within embryonic mesenchyme or connective tissue. Osteoprogenitor cells -> osteoblasts, Osteoblasts secrete osteoid into tissue,
        Usually seen in: cranial bone, clavicle, patella & early steps in endochondral ossification
      - Cells
        
        Endosteum: lines the inner cavity of bone in a very thin layer
        
        Periosteum: connective tissue that is the most external aspect of bone
        
        Osteoclast: derived from monocytes, fused with many macrophages to form multinucleate cell, has a ruffled border which increases surface area and secretes acids and enzymes to facilitate bone decalcification and digestion.
        
        Osteoid: Organic material of the matrix
        
        Osteoblast: Immature primary cell of the bone
        
        Osteocytes: Sit in Lacunae, mature primary cell of bone. Form gap junctions with other osteocytes and have nutrients flow through
    - - White Fat: most common, functions as insulator, shock absorber, and storage site for fats
      - Brown Fat: usually in infants and hibernating animals. Used as a quick heat source
  - - - Irregular: multidirectional force (skin)
      - Regular: Unidirectional force (Tendon)
  - - - Glycoproteins: Protein core with short
        Sugar attachment. (i.e. fibronectin, lamin,
        chondronectin)
      - Proteoglycans: Protein core with
        longer polysaccharide attachment
        specifically GAGs (Glycosaminoglycan)
        
        Hyaluronic acid: Made from GAG [ exists WITHOUT protein core
    - - Elastin: secretes fibrillin mesh and tropoelastin
      - Collagen
        
        Type IV: Basal Lamina
        
        Type III: reticular (lymph node, liver, spleen. needs special stain
        
        Type II: Cartilage
        
        Type I: Most common for Skin, Tendon and Bone
- - - - Striated: has sarcomeres, t tubules, and sER
        Forms BRANCHED spheres and uses desmosomes and macula adhereins and gap junctions
      - DIAD: T tubule + 1 sER
      - More round and can be interrelated discs.
        have Purkinje fibers which are specialized cardiac muscle cells and have conduction capabilities. Found on the inside of ventricles. AKA pacemaker cells.
    - - Has actin and mysoin, but is NOT well organization and has no sarcomeres. Contraction is weak and slow and occurs slowly (GI TRACT)
      - Bundles of smooth muscle. Can see Central Nuclei and cells can overlapp and weave. Elongated and spindle shaped.
      - Nuclei are centrally located, no striations, and in cross sectional, they are small bundles.
- - - - Digestive Tract Lining. Can have GOBLET CELLS
    - - Thyroid Gland, Kidney Tubules
    - - Respiratory Epithelium. Has CILIA + looks Stratified Columnar
    - - Blood Vessels, Bowman's Capsule, Pulmonary Alveloi
  - - - ovarian follicles, sweat glands
    - - excretory ducts of sweat glands
    - - urinary blatter and ureter
    - - Epidermis, esophagus, tongue, oral cavity, vaginal lining
- - - - Sympathetic (fight or flight)
      - Parasympathetic (rest and digest)