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THEORIES OF LEARNING - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Zone of proximal development
      - Scaffolding
      - MKO - More Knowledgeable than the Others
- - - - Age range from birth to 18-24 months
      - object permanence
    - - 2 to 7 years old
      - symbolic thought
    - - ages 7 to 11 years
      - logical thought
      - Formal Operational
        
        adolescence to adulthood
        
        scientific reasoning
- - - - he observed the behaviour of a rat as it learn to press a lever in order to be rewarded with food.
    - - Reinforcement
        
        strengthen or increase the intensity of behaviour
        
        can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE
        
        In positive reinforcement, a favourable event or an outcome is associated with behaviour in the form of a reward or praise.
        
        negative reinforcement involves removal of an unfavourable or an unpleasant event after a behavioural outcome.
        
        the intensity of a response is strengthened by removing the unpleasant experiences.
      - Punishment
        
        the objective is to decrease the intensity of a behavioural outcome
        
        can be POSITIVE or NEGATIVE
        
        positive punishment involves application of punishment by presenting an unfavourable event or outcome in response to a behaviour.
        
        negative punishment is associated with the removal of a favourable event or outcome in response to a behaviour which needs to be weakened.
  - - - he observed the salivation of a dog as its response to food.
    - - Aquisition
        
        starting stage of learning during which a response is established firstly and then gradually strengthened.
      - Extinction
        
        expected to take place when the intensity of conditioned response decreases or disappears completely.
      - Application in the Classroom
        
        this theory is beneficial in helping students deal with their phobias and anxiety issues.
        
        the teachers can put to practice this theory by building a positive or a highly motivated classroom environment for helping the students to overcome their phobias and deliver their best performance
      - Spontaneous Recovery
        
        happens when a conditioned response suddenly reappears after a brief resting period or suddenly re-emerges after a short period of extinction.
      - Stimulus Generalization
        
        the tendency of the conditioned stimulus to evoke the similar kind of responses once the responses have been conditioned.
      - Stimulus Discrimination
        
        ability of the subject to discriminate between stimuli with other similar stimuli
- - - - humanistic learning is "student-centered".
    - - grades don't really matter but self-evaluation is the most meaningful way to evaluate how learning is going.