Forest Genetics

concepts

chromosome

composed of dna

carry hereditary info

gene

largest genetic material

smallest unit

cell cycle

mitosis

meiosis

series of events

somatic/ vegetative

interphase

resting period

non mitotic phase

synapses occurs

crossing over

causes genetic variation

sexual reproduction

chiasmata

prophase 1

recombination of genes

genome

complete/total set of non homologous chromosomes

mitochondial genome

chloroplast genome

nuclear genome

plastid genome

animal

2 set of genome

number

3 ploid are sterile = 3n

ploidy

aneuploidy

change of basic number

polyploidy

allopolyploidy

hybridization

autopolyploidy

contribute to evolution of new species

euploidy

frequently develop

tree breeding

large bunga

result of apomixis

c count
cytology

limited in taxonomy

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genetics

heredity & variation

genes & inheritance

forest genetics

heredity in forest trees

genetic var & inheritance in forest trees

phenotype

we can see/ visual

genotype x environment

2 viewpoints of heredity

blending hypothesis

genetic mat from 2 parents blend/dilute

blue yellow = green

particulate hypothesis

parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)

genes

characters

functional units of dna

specific trait

plant height, fruit color

allele

trait

specific characteristics

vary form ind to ind

3 principle of inheritance

gregor mendel

father of genetics

terms

pure bred

all offspring same var

principle of dominance

1 allele is dominant over another

dominant

recessive

masked by dominant allele

homozygous condition

heterozygous

mendel law

law of segregation

gene segrefation during meiodid

law of independent assortment

pair segregate independently from other gene pairs

test cross

cross homozygous dominant to
homozygous recessive

backcrossing

cross hybrid w/ one of its parents

incomplete dominance

red plus white = pink

dominance

complete dominance

exist in albinism

plants

incomplete dominance

red raddish + white

purple raddish

dna structure & function

crick & watson

double helix

concept

locus

fixed position/location

on a strand of dna

dna

nucleus & plastids

composed of 4 nucleotides

actg

deoxyribose sugar

lack 1 oxygen

acidic

phosphate group

sugar phosphate

provide framework

base pair

population & evolution

evolution

macroevolution

large scale evolution

froups of species

speciation

microevolution

changes in allele frequencies

population ofver tine

genetic variation

permanent process

most evolution change occurs w/in species

dont lead to debt of new spp

change of genetic structures of a pop

evolutionary factors can overlap

evolutionary factors

natural selection

mutation

genetic drift

gene flow

inherited ability

survive & reproduce

survival of the fittest

biological fitness

types

stabilizing selection

directional selection

disruptive selection

extreme alleles are culled out

intermediate form
average form

favored

favor individual

extremes

tall only or short only

intermediate forms are not

extreme forms are favored

both tall and short are favored
not the average

random changes in gene info

point mutation

error in dna rep

chromosomal

frameshift mutation

prerequisite of any genetic variation

random fluctuations of gene structure

limited pop size

cause bottleneck

founder effect

exotic spp

migration

movement of inds or introduction of genes
from one pop to another

types

emigration

pop loses alleles

immigration

pop gains alleles

leading to geneflow

increase diversity

factors affecting

pollinators

seed dispersal

breeding

genetic consequences

seed dispersal

crucial for neighborhood formation

seed shadow

barochory

narrow

anemochory

more efficient than barochory

endozoochory

wide but clustered

under rest trees of birds, bats

like under canopy only

hardy weinberg law

random mating

large pop w/ allel A & a

phenotypic effect of inbreeding

inbreeding depreswsion

reduced biological fitness

low survive & reproduce

breeding system enforce outcrossing

self incompatibility

heterostyly

dioecy

S gene controlling fertilization

most common anti self mechanism

structural diff of reproductive parts

ex stigma higher than anther

prevent selfing

dioecious

selfing is a powerful inbreeding

cause pop to accumulate homozygocity

Apomixis

aposphory

produces genetically similar

devt of embryo w/o fertilization of the ovule & fusion of 2 gametes

diposphory

emry develop

macrospore of mothers cell

form of asexual propagation

polyembryo

genetic markers

biochemical

monoterpenes

gymnosperms

isozymes

enzymes

molecular

microsatellites or
simple sequence repeats