Forest Genetics
concepts
chromosome
composed of dna
carry hereditary info
gene
largest genetic material
smallest unit
cell cycle
mitosis
meiosis
series of events
somatic/ vegetative
interphase
resting period
non mitotic phase
synapses occurs
crossing over
causes genetic variation
sexual reproduction
chiasmata
prophase 1
recombination of genes
genome
complete/total set of non homologous chromosomes
mitochondial genome
chloroplast genome
nuclear genome
plastid genome
animal
2 set of genome
number
3 ploid are sterile = 3n
ploidy
aneuploidy
change of basic number
polyploidy
allopolyploidy
hybridization
autopolyploidy
contribute to evolution of new species
euploidy
frequently develop
tree breeding
large bunga
result of apomixis
c count
cytology
limited in taxonomy
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genetics
heredity & variation
genes & inheritance
forest genetics
heredity in forest trees
genetic var & inheritance in forest trees
phenotype
we can see/ visual
genotype x environment
2 viewpoints of heredity
blending hypothesis
genetic mat from 2 parents blend/dilute
blue yellow = green
particulate hypothesis
parents pass on discrete heritable units (genes)
genes
characters
functional units of dna
specific trait
plant height, fruit color
allele
trait
specific characteristics
vary form ind to ind
3 principle of inheritance
gregor mendel
father of genetics
terms
pure bred
all offspring same var
principle of dominance
1 allele is dominant over another
dominant
recessive
masked by dominant allele
homozygous condition
heterozygous
mendel law
law of segregation
gene segrefation during meiodid
law of independent assortment
pair segregate independently from other gene pairs
test cross
cross homozygous dominant to
homozygous recessive
backcrossing
cross hybrid w/ one of its parents
incomplete dominance
red plus white = pink
dominance
complete dominance
exist in albinism
plants
incomplete dominance
red raddish + white
purple raddish
dna structure & function
crick & watson
double helix
concept
locus
fixed position/location
on a strand of dna
dna
nucleus & plastids
composed of 4 nucleotides
actg
deoxyribose sugar
lack 1 oxygen
acidic
phosphate group
sugar phosphate
provide framework
base pair
population & evolution
evolution
macroevolution
large scale evolution
froups of species
speciation
microevolution
changes in allele frequencies
population ofver tine
genetic variation
permanent process
most evolution change occurs w/in species
dont lead to debt of new spp
change of genetic structures of a pop
evolutionary factors can overlap
evolutionary factors
natural selection
mutation
genetic drift
gene flow
inherited ability
survive & reproduce
survival of the fittest
biological fitness
types
stabilizing selection
directional selection
disruptive selection
extreme alleles are culled out
intermediate form
average form
favored
favor individual
extremes
tall only or short only
intermediate forms are not
extreme forms are favored
both tall and short are favored
not the average
random changes in gene info
point mutation
error in dna rep
chromosomal
frameshift mutation
prerequisite of any genetic variation
random fluctuations of gene structure
limited pop size
cause bottleneck
founder effect
exotic spp
migration
movement of inds or introduction of genes
from one pop to another
types
emigration
pop loses alleles
immigration
pop gains alleles
leading to geneflow
increase diversity
factors affecting
pollinators
seed dispersal
breeding
genetic consequences
seed dispersal
crucial for neighborhood formation
seed shadow
barochory
narrow
anemochory
more efficient than barochory
endozoochory
wide but clustered
under rest trees of birds, bats
like under canopy only
hardy weinberg law
random mating
large pop w/ allel A & a
phenotypic effect of inbreeding
inbreeding depreswsion
reduced biological fitness
low survive & reproduce
breeding system enforce outcrossing
self incompatibility
heterostyly
dioecy
S gene controlling fertilization
most common anti self mechanism
structural diff of reproductive parts
ex stigma higher than anther
prevent selfing
dioecious
selfing is a powerful inbreeding
cause pop to accumulate homozygocity
Apomixis
aposphory
produces genetically similar
devt of embryo w/o fertilization of the ovule & fusion of 2 gametes
diposphory
emry develop
macrospore of mothers cell
form of asexual propagation
polyembryo
genetic markers
biochemical
monoterpenes
gymnosperms
isozymes
enzymes
molecular
microsatellites or
simple sequence repeats