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COPD - Coggle Diagram
COPD
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pathogenisis
COPD is characterised by increased numbers of neutrophils, macrophages, and T lymphocytes (CD8 more than CD4) in the lungs. In general, the extent of the inflammation is related to the degree of the airflow obstruction. These inflammatory cells release a variety of cytokines and mediators that participate in the disease process.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterised by poorly reversible airflow obstruction and an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs. The latter represents the innate and adaptive immune responses to long term exposure to noxious particles and gases, particularly cigarette smoke. All cigarette smokers have some inflammation in their lungs, but those who develop COPD have an enhanced or abnormal response to inhaling toxic agents. This amplified response may result in mucous hypersecretion (chronic bronchitis), tissue destruction (emphysema), and disruption of normal repair and defence mechanisms causing small airway inflammation and fibrosis (bronchiolitis).
Diagnostics
Labs or x-rays
Chest x-ray- can show emphysema, can also rule out other lung problems and heart failure
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Lab tests- not to diagnose COPD, but determine the cause of symptoms and rule out other conditions
Assessments needed
lung (pulmonary) function tests- measure the amount of air you can inhale an exhale, and whether your lungs can deliver enough oxygen to your blood
Inspection, Auscultation, Palpation, and Percussion of the lung and thoracic area
incedence/prevalence
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of death worldwide, causing 3.23 million deaths in 2019.
Nearly 90% of COPD deaths in those under 70 years of age occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).
Early diagnosis and treatment, including smoking cessation support, is needed to slow the progression of symptoms and reduce flare-ups.
Environmental exposure to tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and occupational dusts, fumes and chemicals are important risk factors for COPD.