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reasons for the growth of global tourism, causes for fluctuations, impact…
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causes for fluctuations
diasaters
after a disaster, no tourist would want to visit the place for a while as the country would have probably been destroyed
infrastructure would have been broken, thus no place for them
example; japan in 2011, after the Tohoku earthquake: the number of tourist dropped by 28% to 6.2 million tourist
thus, causing a fluctuation in the number of tourist
moreover, the reputation of the place might be ruined, spend time rebuilding the infrastructure and reputation all over again, so that tourist will come back
diseases
there is a reduce in travellers due to the risk of getting infected by the disease. countries would also advice their people to not visit infected countries.
SARS in 2011, killed 775 people, infected more than 8000 people and affected 25 countries. this reduced the travel rates by a lot
recessions
caused when large businesses lose money, tipping over the whole economy
many would lose their jobs and income, thus would not want to travel and waste money
recessions result in the increase of unemployment rates, increase in domestic travelling
decrease in tourist spending, decrease in tourist numbers
example; global financial crisis in 2007 to 2008; large businesses became bankrupt in 2007 and 2008, causing all their investments to go down. as a result, other businesses were not able to sustain themselves and therefore had no income. causing many countries to suffer economically
political situations
if a country was going through political instability, there will be high risk of attacks and no one wants to visit a dangerous place. countries would ban their people from visiting these countries to prevent unnecessary deaths moreover, terriotist attacks can happen at anytime, bombings as well
in 2011, libya went into civil war, thus many countries banned their people from travelling to libya
impact of tourism
economic
positive
employment opportunities
because of tourist, the locals are given more job opportunities under the tourism sector. hotels, retailers, tour groups are caused by tourism. hence, with more employees, this increases the countries revenue from tourism
in 2011, it was reported that 235 millions jobs were created under the tourism sector. it takes up 6-8% of all job sectors
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growth in income
the country would be able to collect tourist receipts, thus being able to earn money from tourism
example; the world wide tourist r reported that about US$1 trillion was the total amount of tourist revenue
negative
underuse of facilities
happens when facilities are only built for specific events. these buildings and facilities are usually abandoned after the event is over. moreover they are costly to maintain and deconstruct. hence, the country would just leave it there.
during the summer olympics n 2004, the stadium was built just for the event. but after the event, the stadium was neglected and abandoned
economic leakages
happens when a country is using their tourist revenue to pay other counties goods and services, in order to meet the needs of the tourist.
hence they end up earning less
in Phuket, for every $US1 earned from tourist renveue, 70cents goes to the global economy 24 cents goes to thai ecnonmy, henc eleaving the local ecnomy with only 6 cents
shortage of services
in order to succumb to the tourist needs, tourist areas are well maintained and provided for. essentials such as water, electricity and land are taken up by them. this leaves non- tourist areas with the left overs, almost not enough to sustain themselves
example; golf courses; they need a lot of electricity adn water to maintain the course, thus it takes up large amounts of the countries electricity adn water, leaving behind non- tourist areas with almost nothing, too little to sustain themselves. hence shortage of services
its not that the country is poor or anything, its just that they are investing in only one area and not the other
seasonal unemployment
for some places, the number of tourist peak during climate changes. thus, when it is during the non-peak season, some businesses would not be able to earn much and their workers would need a second source of income to sustain themselves until the next peak season
example; sapporo, japan; tourist usually visit the mountain ski resort during winter and that is their peak season. however, during the other seasons, when theres no snow, places like these would have no visitors, no income and thus no revenue. the workers would have to look for another job to sustain themselves
socio-culture
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negative
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increase in crime
in paris, france the Lourve had to close due to the increase rate of pickpocketing in the museum
tourist may get scammed or trapped in some tourist traps, moreover tourist tend to carry valuable items such as money, passports and cards. hence, this increases their vulnerability to the pickpockets. the tourist are on unfamiliar soil too, thus making it easier to fall prey to the theifs.
some tourist might be charged at a higher price at stores
environment
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negative
increased congestion
mroe tourist in certain areas, more accomodations need to be built to provide for them, more shops for them thus more congestion to certain areas due to the huge number of visitors. this can cause serious vehicular and pedestrian traffic congestion
in rome, iitaty, the roads are already so narrow so its hard to move about when its overcrowded with all the tourist
littering and pollution
tourist are one of the leading cost of littering and pollution. some tourist would just leave behind their rubbish at historical sites after they are done. thus, if the country isnt good at managing this problem, this would in turn cause the place to become dirty and pollute the area.
example; cruise ships, since there are limited land on the ship, solid and liquid rubbish are usually dumped into the sea instead of it being kept on the ship
destruction of habitats
tourist would tend to take back stones, rocks from their trip. moreover, they might trample on plants when they are walking or even destory coral reefs while underwater. these would cause destruction to habitats
example; the redsea; tourist damage it by taking back stones, walking over coral reefs and thus destroying it. moreover, hotels near by would throw their waste into the sea as an easy way out for clearing their rubbish
carbon footprint
refers to the amount of carbon output per person. this comes from the burning of fossile fuels for travelling, flying, and what not. thus, with more people travelling, more carbon is being emitted into our atmospehere adn thus polluting our air
example; just a one way trip from singapore to kl, it releases 30kg of carbon per passenger
vandalism
it is the act of deliberately drawing and destorying property, historical sites
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