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Impact of WW1 in Europe, LON structure, protectorate- state that is…

- - - - Achieve peace through 14 points, including self-determination, disarmament, establishment of LON
    - - Public in USA wanted adoption of isolationist policy
  - - - Reclaim Alsace-Lorraine lost to Germany in 1871
      - Wanted Germany to pay heavy reparations and make Germany accept total blame for war
    - - Wanted revenge against Germany through compensating for their losses
  - - - Wanted German navy to be weak to maintain naval superiority
      - Wanted Germany to recover economically from war to deter communism
  - - - Wanted rewards promised in London Pact (promised Italy control of German colonies in Asia and Africa, protectorate* over Albania)
    - - Wanted former German territories across Europe
  - - - Wanted control over German possessions in Asia Pacific
    - - Wanted former German territories across Asia Pacific
- - - - Army limited to 100,000 men
      - Navy limited to 15,000 men
      - No air force, tanks, submarines
      - German troops not allowed in Rhineland
    - - Germany lost all overseas colonies in Africa/Asia-Pacific
      - Lost Alsace-Lorraine and profits from Saar coal region to France
      - Give up territory between Germany and East Prussia, forming polish corridor
  - - - Felt Clause was unfair and responsibility should be shared
      - New Weimar government forced to agree
      - Many accused politicians who signed treaty as betraying Germany - called "November Criminals"
      - Weimar government had weakened credibility and support
    - - Land losses 13% of Germany's total land area
      - Impossible for Germany to pay reparations after losing colonies and resource-rich Rhineland, Saar coal region & parts of Poland
      - Treaty also prevented further expansions through merger with others, especially Austra-Hungary
      - Made extremists (e.g. Hitler) play on the weakness to rise to power
    - - Germany less able to defend itself
      - No other country was made to demilitarise
      - made Germany not able to defend borders and overall make Germans feel bitter
    - - War Guilt Clause allowed Allies to demand compensation from Germany
      - Germans thought it was impossible to pay back - Germany also suffered economic problems from damage in WW1
      - France sent French army to Ruhr industrial region to confiscate coal and other goods as payment - led to strike of German workers in Ruhr
      - Worsened economic crisis in Germany
    - - Austria Hungary broken up and formed own nation states made of different ethnic groups
      - Boundaries set left many states with different combinations of different ethnic groups, left many nationalists outside nation states
- - - - Britain - war-weary, pacifist frame of mind
      - France - should keep Germany weak and contained as the country was viewed as a present threat
      - Italy - dissatisfied with shares of territories given to Italy
      - Japan - dissatisfied with shares of Far Eastern territory due to lack of resources
      - USA - retreated to isolationism
  - - - Secretariat - understaffed, disorganised
      - Conference of Ambassadors often made decisions that should have been made by the League itself
      - authorisation for any action required unanimous vote by Council
        
        So many nations present in LON, extremely difficult to obtain unanimous consent for any decision
  - - - Most countries suffered from WW1’s impact; not enough military power to apply sanctions / deal with military threats from powerful countries
      - Both UK and France were unwilling to use sanctions/be involved in military conflicts although they were strong enough
        
        UK and France chose appeasement in face of military threat from Hitler’s Germany in 1930
      - LON failed to achieve disarmament of all nations
        
        LON members unwilling to disarm as their ability to defend themselves are affected
  - - - moral persuasion ineffective against stronger countries
      - LON members could not be forced to uphold trade sanctions
      - LON had no army to enforce military sanctions
      - LON members not willing to get involved
  - - - Faced economic problems and military weakness from WW1
      - Sought to rebuild its own strength and not be involved in foreign conflicts
    - - Absent from LON from policy of isolationism
      - Preferred to engage in foreign affairs on their own terms at their own pace than commuting to the League
        
        LON didn’t have necessary economic and military backup to enforce their plans
    - - Countries were not allowed to join LON as they were viewed as threats
      - Germany - cause of WW1, not allowed till 1926
      - USSR - communist ideology- not allowed till 1934