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Science :skull: Mad scientist - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Electric charges
        
        Ions (Na+, Cl-)
        
        Electrons (-)
      - Electrons in circuits
    - - Mains electricity
        
        Power station -> main socket
        
        AC 60hz
        
        Constant voltage (240/120)
      - Electric cell
        
        DC
        
        Many voltages (3,5,9,12)
        
        factory -> (supermarket ->) phone/aircon remote
    - - Voltage
        
        SI unit: Volt (V)
        
        millivolt (mV) & kilovolt (kV)
        
        Connecting cells
        
        Total voltage of cells in series is the sum
        
        Total voltage of cells in parallel is one
      - Resistance
        
        Opposition of material to current
        
        Electrical energy -> heat/others
        
        Charges lose energy to atoms, in heat
        
        SI unit: ohm (Ω)
        
        Insulators -> high resistance, conductors -> low resistance
        
        Assume 0 for wires in eqn, vv small IRL
        
        Measured with multimeter/ohmmeter
      - Current
        
        SI unit: A
        
        Milliamp (mA) & Kiloamp (kA)
  - - - no gap = closed
        
        :zap: can flow
      - gap = open
    - - Conventional: positive to negative
      - Real (electron): negative to positive
    - - Cell & Battery
        
        Power source for circuit
        
        Chem pot energy -> elec energy
      - Switch
        
        Open & close circuit for convenience
      - Bulb
        
        When connected to closed circuit, will light up
        
        More energy -> more light
      - Resistor
        
        Variable resistor/rheostat can change resistance
        
        Rheostats can be sliding (volume control on headphones) and rotating (Fan speed in class)
      - Fuse
        
        Burns when too much current passes thru
      - Meters
        
        Ammeter
        
        Connect in series to measure amps. Lets current thru
        
        Voltmeter
        
        Connect in parallel to measure volts
        
        Remember that meters have polarity!
  - - - $$ Series: R_{total}=R_{1}+R_{2}+R_{3}... $$
      - $$ Parallel: R_{total}=\frac{1}{\frac{1}{R_{1}}+\frac{1}{R_{2}}...} $$
    - - where R is resistance, V is voltage, and I is current/Amperes
    - - $$ Series: I_{1} = I_{2}, V_{battery}=V_{1}+V_{2} ...$$
      - $$ Parallel: I_{1}=I_{2}+I_{2}=I_{4}, V_{battery}=V_{1}=V_{2} $$
- - - - Different population of plants and animals living and interacting in a particular environment
    - - Organisms of the same kind living in the same environment
    - - The interactions between a community and the physical environment
    - - The study of the interactions of organisms with each other and the environment
  - - - Using more electricity than necessary
      - Using more water than necessary
      - Wasting food
      - Creating excessive waste
      - All of these actions lead to an increase in greenhouse gases and will all contribute to climate change
    - - Reducing consumption
      - Environmentally friendly practices
      - Using public transport
      - Reforestation
      - These actions could help to fight climate change and benefit the environment
  - - - Physical characteristics of an organisms that help it to survive in its environment
      - Buttress roots of a tree in the rainforest to increase the height of it and allow it to get more sunlight
      - The body of a stick insect made to look like a stick and camouflage
    - - Different behaviours of an organisms that help it to survive in its habitat
      - The mudskipper digs burrows in the mud to hide from predators
      - The mudskipper 'jumps' to attract mates
  - - - The predator hunts and kills their prey for food and energy. This is basically what's always shown in a food chain/web
      - Lion(Predator) and Deer(Prey)
    - - The relationship in which 2 or more organisms support or benefit one another
      - Clownfish and sea anemone
    - - A parasite is an organism that causes harm to another organism, also known as the host, without killing it. The parasite benefits by getting food and nutrients from the host's body
      - Bedbugs that rely on feeding off the blood of an organism without doing too much harm and killing it. It is a parasitic animal.
  - - - Animals obtain energy when they feed on plants or other animals. The feeding relationship is called a food chain
      - In a food chain, energy from the sun is usually converted to energy by green plants which are called producers. They are usually at the bottom of the food chain and have the most energy out of any other consumers or organisms higher up the food chain
      - Organisms who feed on other organisms for energy and nutrients are called consumers. They can be classified as primary, secondary and tertiary consumers depending on how high up they are on the food chain. They can also be either herbivorous or carnivorous
    - - The trophic level refers to the feeding position of a population of organisms occupies in a food chain.
      - Fun fact: There are generally no more than 4 trophic levels in a food chain as around 90% of energy is loss in between each trophic levels through respiration, heat or faeces.
    - - Food webs show how one or more food chains are interconnected together. This gives a bigger picture to how energy is tranferred.
      - Aka: food chain++
    - - An organism that obtains organic nutrients feeding or metabolising on dead organisms or fecal matters. They are crucial for the environment as they help to release carbon dioxide, air and mineral salts as they break down waste which is beneficial for the environment
      - Earthworms, fungi and bacteria are decomposers which helps to return nutrients in dead organisms or their waste back to the environment.
- - - - Fats begin digestion in the small intestines where enzymes called lipases start to break down the fat molecules into simpler fatty acids and glycerol which can be absorbed by the walls of the small intestine.
      - Salmon, milk and other sources contains fats
    - - The digestion of Proteins start in the stomach where proteases in enzymes are released and help to break down Protein molecules into smaller protein chains(Polypeptides)
      - Protease is further introduced in the small intestines to further break down the protein molecules into simpler amino acids which are small enough to be diffused across partially permeable cells of the small intestine walls
      - Eggs, red meats and fish contain proteins
    - - The digestion of carbohydrates first happens in the mouth where carbohydrase found in the enzymes of saliva start breaking it down into maltose/ simpler sugars.
      - The simpler sugars are further digested in the small intestine where more carbohydrase breaks down the simpler sugars into simple sugars which can be absorbed through the walls of the small intestine
      - Bread, rice and other starchy foods are sources of carbohydrates
  - - - Food molecules small enough to be absorbed by the walls of the small intestine are brought into the bloodstream
    - - Undigested food is removed from the body
    - - Larger food molecules are broken down into smaller food molecules
    - - Food is taken into the body
  - - - Mechanical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces of food
      - To increase the surface area to volume ratio for enzymes to act on
    - - Enzymes break large ,insoluble nutrient molecules to soluble simple molecules that are small enough to diffuse across partially permeable cell membranes (In small intestine & large intestine) to be absorbed into body cells
  - - - Diabetes is a disease where the sugar level in the blood is too high because the hormone(Insulin) that is responsible for keeping the blood sugar level balanced is either absent( Type 1) or present but not able to exert it's effects on the body( Type2 )
        
        Type 1(Genetic)
        
        Problem: Your body doesn't produce insulin
        
        When it develops: Usually develops during childhood but can develop anytime in your life
        
        Cause: family history
        
        Symptoms:
        
        Bedwetting
        
        Blurry vision
        
        Frequent urination
        
        Increased appetite and thirst
        
        Mood changes and irritability
        
        Tiredness and weakness
        
        Unexplained weight loss
        
        Prevention: No known prevention methods
        
        Treatment: Insulin injections
        
        Type 2(Your fault)
        
        Problem: Your body still produces insulin but it doesn't make enough or it doesn't use it efficiently
        
        When it develops: Can develop at any age but most prevalent in adults over 45 years old
        
        Causes:
        
        Overweight and/or inactive
        
        Family history
        
        High blood pressure
        
        Symptoms:
        
        Increased appetite and thirst
        
        Dark patches on armpits/neck
        
        Frequent urination
        
        Blurry vision
        
        Tiredness and weakness
        
        Unexplained weight loss
        
        Prevention: A healthy lifestyle
        
        Treatment: Healthy living + insulin support
      - How to treat?
        
        B.E.A.T diabetes
        
        Be aware
        
        Eat right
        
        Adopt a healthy lifestyle
        
        Take control
    - - A condition in which there is difficulty in emptying the bowels which is usually associated with hardened faeces
      - How to prevent constipation?
        
        Eating food high in fibre like fruits and vegetables
        
        Drinking more water
    - - Symptoms:
        
        Stomach pain
        
        Heartburn
        
        Heaviness
        
        Loss of appetite
        
        Nausea and vomiting
      - Causes:
        
        Unhealthy food
        
        Uncontrollable use of medications
        
        Helicobacter Pylori(Bacteria)
        
        Alcohol
        
        Chronic stress
        
        Nutrient deficiencies
      - Conventional treatments:
        
        Proton pump inhibitors
        
        Antacids
        
        Antibiotics
    - - Eating food that has been contaminated with bacteria that leads to diarrhoea and vomiting and even death if left untreated.
      - Preventing food poisoning
        
        Handling food safely
        
        Using separate utensils and containers for raw nd cooked food
        
        Storing cooked and raw food in the refrigerator with the cooked food on top of the raw food
        
        Choosing food carefully
        
        Check expiry dates
        
        Do not consume food that is mouldy
        
        Do not buy food that is not stored at the appropriate temperature