L10: A World in Flames (1931 –1941)

  1. America and the World

1.1 The Rise of Dictators

1.1.1 Mussolini and Fascism in Italy

‼ Fascism

nationalistic movement

the nation is more important than individuals

believed in dictatorship and empire

anticommunist

‼Benito Mussolini

1919, Italy’s Fascist Party

return the Roman Empire

⭐ Fascist militia, Blackshirts

⭐marching in Rome to defend the communist revolution

⭐Mussolini became the premier

⭐ dictatorship was set up: Il Duce, or “The Leader

1.1.2 Stalin Takes Over the USSR

‼ Vladimir Lenin: leader of a communist party, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

RUSSIA

⭐ Lenin died, Joseph Stalin took power

⭐ became a soviet dictator

collectives: government-owned farms

tolerated no opposition; concentration camps

1.1.3. Hitler and Nazi Germany

GERMANY

‼Adolf Hitler: anticommunist

‼Hitler led the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or the Nazi Party

1923, Nazis tried to seize power using violence

⭐ nazis: extreme racism

⭐ Nazis took power politically by elections

appointed Hitler as chancellor, or prime minister

⭐ Hitler striking down Socialist and Communist Parties

⭐ Hitler became president in 1934, with his power in the whole country

1.1.4 Militarists Control Japan

⭐ Japan beliefs: Japan dominate East Asia; democracy is bad

⭐ decided to seize territory for resources

attacked Manchuria in Northen CH

let military officer to serve the prime minister

1.2 American Neutrality

‼supporting isolationism

1.2.1 The Nye Committee

Supporting isolationism: EU not paying war debts

Supporting isolationism: believing EU tricked US into WWI

1.2.2 Legislating Neutrality

‼ Neutrality Act of 1935: illegal to sell countries in war weapons

Spain, rebellion caused civil war

second neutrality act: illegal to sell weapons to countries in civil war

‼ Axis Powers: JAPAN, GERMANY, ITALY

❗Neutrality Act of 1937: countries in war buying nonmillitary goods from US with CASH

1.2.3 Roosevelt’s Internationalism

‼ internationalism: global trades lead to prosperity and prevent wars

⭐ Roosevelt standing internationalism

Neutrality Act of 1937, not applied

US sold weapons to CH in the full attack on JP in 1937

  1. World War II Begins

2.1 Path to War

Germans abandoned the Treaty of Versailles

⭐Germans began building new military forces

EU preferred negotiation

R1: avoid bloodshed

R2: believed Germany's demand is reasonable and achievable

R3: believed Nazis were favoring peace

2.1.1 The Austrian Anschluss

⭐ late 1937, Hitler called unification of German-speaking countries

❗Germany send troops to Austria to announce Anschluss, or unification

2.1.2 The Munich Crisis

⭐Germans targeting Czechoslovakia, Sudetenland

France and GB threatened to war

‼Munich Conference

leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany

❗ appeasement: making concessions to avoid war

⭐asked Czechoslovakia to give up or fight on its own

⭐ Appeasement FAILED

⭐Germany invaded Czechoslovakia; made a protectorate

2.1.3 Hitler Demands Danzig

⭐ Hitler demanded Danzig, Poland

⭐May 1939, Hitler invaded Poland

France and Britain agreed to aid Poland

2.1.4 The Nazi-Soviet Pact

⭐German proposed nonaggression treaty to the Soviets

‼ nonaggression pact: put communists and nazis on two hands

divided Poland with Soviets

2.2 The War Begins

‼ Britain and France declared war on Germany

WWII BEGAN

blitzkrieg: GE, massed tanks to break throw and encircle the enemy

⭐ October 5, 1939, Germans defeated Polish

2.2.1 The Fall of France

❗Maginot Line: concrete bunkers on the border of France and Germany

France waiting Germans to attack

not a good idea

R1: Germans concentrate on Poland

R2: Hitler decided to go around the Maginot Line

⭐ Germans invaded invade the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg to go around the Line

German: main force at Ardennes Mountains; French: few troops

⭐ German smashed French lines

2.2.2 The Miracle at Dunkirk

⭐trooped survived captured in Dunkirk

⭐ Hitler ordered to not to close Dunkirk

Ships from France, Britain, Dutch, and Belgian saved their troops

‼ French surrendered

2.3 Britain Remains Defiant

‼ Winston Churchill: claimed Britain would never surrender

to invade, Germans need to defeat the British Royal Air Force

❗Battle of Britain

German air: Luftwaffe

Germany vs. Britain air battle

German and British bombing each other

⭐ British used radar to detect enemies

⭐October 12, 1940, Hitler canceled the invasion of Britain

  1. The Holocaust

3.1 Nazi Persecution of the Jews

‼Holocaust/Shoah: Nazi campaign to exterminate Jews

3.1.1The Nuremberg Laws

‼ Nuremberg Laws

citizenships away from Jewish Germans

Banned marriage between Jews and Germans

some Jews refused to leave at first, BUT conditions got worse

3.1.2 Kristallnacht

⭐November 7, 1938, Paris, young Jewish refugee, Herschel Grynszpan killed a German diplomat for revenge

Hitler ordered attacks against Jews

‼Kristallnacht: anti-jewish violence

Jews killed, injured; Jewish businesses ruined

❗night of violence

3.1.3 Jewish Refugees Try to Flee

⭐Jews leaving for US

Limits on Jewish Immigration

some Jews left, most were trapped

Nazi only allow Jews to take $4 when leaving

⭐required to leave their wealth

⭐Americans refused to raise immigration quotas

International Response

countries refused to take more Jews from Germany

forged visas and visas sold-illegally

The St. Louis Affair

May 27, 1939, Havana, Cuba

⭐ SS St. Louis entered with refugees

certificates were improper and were revoked

ship. finally disembarked in France, Holland, Belgium, Great Britain

3.2 The Final Solution

‼ Wannsee Conference: Nazi leaders determining the final solution

❗concentration camps: healthy working and died out of exhaustion, disease, or malnutrition

❗ extermination camps: most were sent, executed by gas

3.2.1 Concentration Camps

1933, first to jail political opponents

war began, camps throughout EU

3.2.2 Extermination Camps

Mostly in Poland

Treblinka and Auschwitz

RUINED THE JEWISH CULTURE

  1. America Enters the War

4.1 FDR Supports England

4.1.1 Destroyers-for-Bases Deal

spring of 1940

⭐Churchill asked Roosevelt to transfer American destroyers

Roosevelt required cash

4.1.2 The Isolationist Debate

⭐July 1940: most Americans favored to limit aid

❗Fight for Freedom Committee: repeal all neutrality laws

❗ America First Committee: oppose any aid

❗ Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies: increase aid

1940 presidential election: FDR and Wendell Willkie; FDR won

4.2 Edging Toward War

FDR expanded US's role in war

4.2.1 The Lend-Lease Act

‼ Lend-Lease Act: allowed US to supply arms in terms of protecting itself

FDR supplied GB

feared that Germany, Japan, and Italy would conquer the world

aid Soviet Unions when Hitler invaded

4.2.2 A Hemispheric Defense Zone

⭐ Germans sinking British shipments

⭐ GB don't have enough ships to defend itself

‼ hemispheric defense zone: Atlantic was neutral because it's part of the Western Hemisphere

4.2.3 The Atlantic Charter

August 1941

⭐Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to continue democacy, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas (POSTWAR)

German U-boats attacking US destroyers-->in standoff

4.3 Japan Attacks

4.3.1 America Embargoes Japan

Britain moving to Asia to protect its colonies

⭐ Roosevelt applied economic pressure on JP

‼July 1940, FDR allowed to restrict the sale of strategic materials

FDR sent lend-lease aid to China

⭐ Japanese planning on attacking British and Dutch colonies for resources

❗Japanese planned on seizing the Pearl Harbor

4.3.2 Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor

⭐November 27: Commanders on the Pearl Harbor received a war warning

didn't considered the Harbor as a main target

‼Japan’s surprise attack

⭐ FDR asked the Congress to declare war

4.3.3 Germany Declares War

Hitler didn't want to be against US

Hitler underestimated US strength

⭐ December 11: Germany and Italy declared war on US