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L10: A World in Flames (1931 –1941) - Coggle Diagram
L10: A World in Flames (1931 –1941)
America and the World
1.1 The Rise of Dictators
1.1.1 Mussolini and Fascism in Italy
:!!: Fascism
nationalistic movement
the nation is more important than individuals
believed in dictatorship and empire
anticommunist
:!!:Benito Mussolini
1919, Italy’s Fascist Party
return the Roman Empire
:star: Fascist militia, Blackshirts
:Star:marching in Rome to defend the communist revolution
:Star:Mussolini became the premier
:star: dictatorship was set up: Il Duce, or “The Leader
1.1.2 Stalin Takes Over the USSR
:!!: Vladimir Lenin: leader of a communist party, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
RUSSIA
:star: Lenin died, Joseph Stalin took power
:star: became a soviet dictator
collectives: government-owned farms
tolerated no opposition; concentration camps
1.1.3. Hitler and Nazi Germany
GERMANY
:!!:Adolf Hitler: anticommunist
:!!:Hitler led the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or the Nazi Party
1923, Nazis tried to seize power using violence
:star: nazis: extreme racism
:star: Nazis took power politically by elections
appointed Hitler as chancellor, or prime minister
:star: Hitler striking down Socialist and Communist Parties
:star: Hitler became president in 1934, with his power in the whole country
1.1.4 Militarists Control Japan
:star: Japan beliefs: Japan dominate East Asia; democracy is bad
:star: decided to seize territory for resources
attacked Manchuria in Northen CH
let military officer to serve the prime minister
1.2 American Neutrality
:!!:supporting isolationism
1.2.1 The Nye Committee
Supporting isolationism: EU not paying war debts
Supporting isolationism: believing EU tricked US into WWI
1.2.2 Legislating Neutrality
:!!: Neutrality Act of 1935: illegal to sell countries in war weapons
Spain, rebellion caused civil war
second neutrality act: illegal to sell weapons to countries in civil war
:!!: Axis Powers: JAPAN, GERMANY, ITALY
:!:Neutrality Act of 1937: countries in war buying nonmillitary goods from US with CASH
1.2.3 Roosevelt’s Internationalism
:!!: internationalism: global trades lead to prosperity and prevent wars
:star: Roosevelt standing internationalism
Neutrality Act of 1937, not applied
US sold weapons to CH in the full attack on JP in 1937
World War II Begins
2.1 Path to War
Germans abandoned the Treaty of Versailles
:star:Germans began building new military forces
EU preferred negotiation
R1: avoid bloodshed
R2: believed Germany's demand is reasonable and achievable
R3: believed Nazis were favoring peace
2.1.1 The Austrian Anschluss
:star: late 1937, Hitler called unification of German-speaking countries
:!:Germany send troops to Austria to announce Anschluss, or unification
2.1.2 The Munich Crisis
:star:Germans targeting Czechoslovakia, Sudetenland
France and GB threatened to war
:!!:Munich Conference
leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany
:!: appeasement: making concessions to avoid war
:star:asked Czechoslovakia to give up or fight on its own
:star: Appeasement FAILED
:star:Germany invaded Czechoslovakia; made a protectorate
2.1.3 Hitler Demands Danzig
:star: Hitler demanded Danzig, Poland
:star:May 1939, Hitler invaded Poland
France and Britain agreed to aid Poland
2.1.4 The Nazi-Soviet Pact
:star:German proposed nonaggression treaty to the Soviets
:!!: nonaggression pact: put communists and nazis on two hands
divided Poland with Soviets
2.2 The War Begins
:!!: Britain and France declared war on Germany
WWII BEGAN
blitzkrieg: GE, massed tanks to break throw and encircle the enemy
:star: October 5, 1939, Germans defeated Polish
2.2.1 The Fall of France
:!:Maginot Line: concrete bunkers on the border of France and Germany
France waiting Germans to attack
not a good idea
R1: Germans concentrate on Poland
R2: Hitler decided to go around the Maginot Line
:star: Germans invaded invade the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg to go around the Line
German: main force at Ardennes Mountains; French: few troops
:star: German smashed French lines
2.2.2 The Miracle at Dunkirk
:star:trooped survived captured in Dunkirk
:star: Hitler ordered to not to close Dunkirk
Ships from France, Britain, Dutch, and Belgian saved their troops
:!!: French surrendered
2.3 Britain Remains Defiant
:!!: Winston Churchill: claimed Britain would never surrender
to invade, Germans need to defeat the British Royal Air Force
:!:Battle of Britain
German air: Luftwaffe
Germany vs. Britain air battle
German and British bombing each other
:star: British used radar to detect enemies
:star:October 12, 1940, Hitler canceled the invasion of Britain
The Holocaust
3.1 Nazi Persecution of the Jews
:!!:Holocaust/Shoah: Nazi campaign to exterminate Jews
3.1.1The Nuremberg Laws
:!!: Nuremberg Laws
citizenships away from Jewish Germans
Banned marriage between Jews and Germans
some Jews refused to leave at first, BUT conditions got worse
3.1.2 Kristallnacht
:star:November 7, 1938, Paris, young Jewish refugee, Herschel Grynszpan killed a German diplomat for revenge
Hitler ordered attacks against Jews
:!!:Kristallnacht: anti-jewish violence
Jews killed, injured; Jewish businesses ruined
:!:night of violence
3.1.3 Jewish Refugees Try to Flee
:star:Jews leaving for US
Limits on Jewish Immigration
some Jews left, most were trapped
Nazi only allow Jews to take $4 when leaving
:star:required to leave their wealth
:star:Americans refused to raise immigration quotas
International Response
countries refused to take more Jews from Germany
forged visas and visas sold-illegally
The St. Louis Affair
May 27, 1939, Havana, Cuba
:star: SS St. Louis entered with refugees
certificates were improper and were revoked
ship. finally disembarked in France, Holland, Belgium, Great Britain
3.2 The Final Solution
:!!: Wannsee Conference: Nazi leaders determining the final solution
:!:concentration camps: healthy working and died out of exhaustion, disease, or malnutrition
:!: extermination camps: most were sent, executed by gas
3.2.1 Concentration Camps
1933, first to jail political opponents
war began, camps throughout EU
3.2.2 Extermination Camps
Mostly in Poland
Treblinka and Auschwitz
RUINED THE JEWISH CULTURE
America Enters the War
4.1 FDR Supports England
4.1.1 Destroyers-for-Bases Deal
spring of 1940
:star:Churchill asked Roosevelt to transfer American destroyers
Roosevelt required cash
4.1.2 The Isolationist Debate
:Star:July 1940: most Americans favored to limit aid
:!:Fight for Freedom Committee: repeal all neutrality laws
:!: America First Committee: oppose any aid
:!: Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies: increase aid
1940 presidential election: FDR and Wendell Willkie; FDR won
4.2 Edging Toward War
FDR expanded US's role in war
4.2.1 The Lend-Lease Act
:!!: Lend-Lease Act: allowed US to supply arms in terms of protecting itself
FDR supplied GB
feared that Germany, Japan, and Italy would conquer the world
aid Soviet Unions when Hitler invaded
4.2.2 A Hemispheric Defense Zone
:star: Germans sinking British shipments
:star: GB don't have enough ships to defend itself
:!!: hemispheric defense zone: Atlantic was neutral because it's part of the Western Hemisphere
4.2.3 The Atlantic Charter
August 1941
:Star:Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to continue democacy, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas (POSTWAR)
German U-boats attacking US destroyers-->in standoff
4.3 Japan Attacks
4.3.1 America Embargoes Japan
Britain moving to Asia to protect its colonies
:Star: Roosevelt applied economic pressure on JP
:!!:July 1940, FDR allowed to restrict the sale of strategic materials
FDR sent lend-lease aid to China
:star: Japanese planning on attacking British and Dutch colonies for resources
:!:Japanese planned on seizing the Pearl Harbor
4.3.2 Japan Attacks Pearl Harbor
:star:November 27: Commanders on the Pearl Harbor received a war warning
didn't considered the Harbor as a main target
:!!:Japan’s surprise attack
:star: FDR asked the Congress to declare war
4.3.3 Germany Declares War
Hitler didn't want to be against US
Hitler underestimated US strength
:star: December 11: Germany and Italy declared war on US