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Infusing normative civil-military relations principles in the officer…

- - - - First do not harm to democratic institutions: accept a sub-par policy result in favor of not damaging the institution; do not usurp or undermine civilians
      - Respect parameters and policy goals of civilian leadership
        
        Two civilian masters: executive and legislative branch
      - Do not shirk by taking or failing to take actions that are self-interested
        
        Bosnia
        
        Haiti
        
        Somalia
        
        Integration of homosexuals into military
      - Difference between competency, and having the responsibility to exercise competency, depending on role
        
        George C. Marshall
        
        Complete acceptance of civilian authority
        
        Viewed low civilian competence as an opportunity to educate
    - - Expect exchange of expertise across civilian and military spheres
      - Must recognize when they’re expertise has potential to shift from representation and advice to advocacy and public dissent
      - HR McMaster’s Dereliction of Duty: failure of Vietnam era military leadership to object to strategy they knew would not work
      - Eric Shinseki’s estimate of troops needed to secure Iraq was high, but accurate in hindsight. His fair estimate was offered in a legit forum for dissent.
      - Use of resignation to show dissent: extreme act, has positive and negative consequences
    - - Principled officers remain nonpartisan
        
        Growing number of officers profess a political party (Republican)
      - Must serve any political party
        
        2000 and 2004 elections: impact of overseas military results to outcome “republicanization” of the militarty
      - Must subvert their own liberties in favor of the denocracy
        
        Need a good understanding of what constitutes partisan activity
        
        Military officers value the perception that the multinational is apolitical
      - Belief that military should reflect its society… differences in liberals vs. conservatives
      - Difference between liberal vs. conservative beliefs of military and civilian elites
    - - Retired GO’s have a responsibility to act in a way that does not decrease the perception/effectiveness of the militaty
        
        Recruitment of retired generals started with Clinton, continued with Bush 2… 11 (Kerry) vs. 100 (Bush) due to concerns about Vietnam era records… active participation in campaigns/conventions
      - Impact of actions on AD population
      - Could individual positions be interpreted as institition positions
      - Do partisan preferences impact military’s apolitical position in policy making decisions
      - Abbott framework Re-frame: self-regulation as a mentor/mentee relationship
    - - Military and media are both critical to a functioning democracy
      - We can win wars and keep the public fully informed
        
        Contrast of WW2 vs. Vietnam experience of the media… Vietnam soured many military professionals on the media
        
        Gulf War 1991 (pool system) vs. Iraq War 2003 (embeds)… tremendous effort to get reporters in with units
        
        Bias towards patriotic coverage post-9/11, have to contribute to national dialogue
        
        Uncritical coverage of stability ops
      - If you don’t seek out opportunities to help the media function, at least don’t undermine them
        
        Assume the truth will always come out
      - Educate media on military affairs and educate military on military-media relations
        
        Carrying military message to the American people is critical, military must work with the media
  - - - Functional imperative to provide for the national defense and societal imperative to preserve the democracy should not be thought of as in conflict, rather, as mutually supportive
      - Military professionals must understand and accept that their performance as a profession is ultimately controlled by civilians and must serve within the context of their unique democracy
      - Officers must understand societal change and societal preferences and their potential impacts on the military
        
        Manage civilian driven change
        
        Maintain good order and discipline
        
        Examples: desegregation, integration of women.. pending integration of gays
      - Balance impact of societal, civilian-driven change vs. hesitancy to change