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Traveler’s Diarrhea - Coggle Diagram
Traveler’s Diarrhea
Treatment of Traveler’s Diarrhea
Chemotherapy for traveler’s
diarrhea
Azitromicina
Rifaximina
Ciprofloxacina
Loperamide
Bismuth subsalicylate
Maintain hydration
Administer commercial oral rehydration salts
Mitigate the symptoms of diarrhea,
abdominal cramps, and nausea
Epidemiology
Persons who live in high-income countries and travel to low-income countries and
media
South Asia and West/Central Africa remain the
destinations with the highest risk of traveler’s diarrhea
It is inversely related to the income of each country
Clinical Manifestations and Course of Traveler’s Diarrhea
3 or more unformed stools every 24 hours
plus 1 of these symptoms
abdominal cramps
tenesmus
nausea
vomiting
fever
fecal urgency
Duration of untreated illness 4 to 5 days
Disability less than one day
In the long term, it is associated with the onset of irritable bowel syndrome.
Less common associations: reactive arthritis, Guillain-Barré syndrome
Evaluation of Patients With Traveler’s Diarrhea
on Returning Home
Uncomplicated Diarrhea
No medical attention needed
Treatment
Rifamixina
Ciprofloxacina
Azitromicina
Traveler’s Diarrhea Complicated by Fever or Passage
of Bloody Stool
Blood culture and stool culture should be performed
Etiology
Clostridium difficile
V. cholerae
Shigela
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Yersinia
Norovirus
Traveler’s Diarrhea Complicated by Persistent
or Refractory Diarrhea
Is present when diarrhea lasts more than 14 days
Is diagnosed when traveler's diarrhea does not respond to therapy antimicrobial or recurs after apparent clinical response
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria and protozoan parasites
Treatment
be evaluated by microscopy or enzyme immunoassay or susceptibility testing
Risk Groups
Environmental Factors
Travel destination
Travel mode
Travel time
Rural or urban
residential area
Season
Food during the trip
Reason
of trip
Host Factors
Age
Sex
Feeding Habits
Comorbidities
Genetics
Medicines (IBP)
Prevention of Traveler’s Diarrhea
Dietary Precautions
follow the "boil it, cook it, peel it or forget it" rule for foods
Don't eat at buffets
avoid ice cubes
Heat food well
Choose a place where sanitary measures are good
Preventive Medication
Chemoprophylaxis of traveler’s diarrhea for trips ≤14 d
Rifaximina
Bismuth subsalicylate
Ciprofloxacina
Chemotherapy for traveler’s
diarrhea
Loperamide
Ciprofloxacina
Rifaximina
Azitromicina
Bismuth subsalicylate
Etiology/Microbiology
caused by ingestion of fecally contaminated
food and beverages
MICROORGANISMS
E.coli
ETEC (more common)
EPEC
EIC
EAEC
STEC
Campylobacter
Salmonella
Shigella
Norovirus
Giardia
Rotavirus