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Bierut Port Explosion beirut explosion image Image: Chambers, S 2020 -…

- - - - See Socio political
      - Controls the operation of Port of Beirut
  - - - Outlined by Cargo ships owners
        
        See Information transfer Annex 2.
      - LOOK into SWA and HSE websites for regulations and storage requirements
    - - multiple organisational influences
      - Ship Technology (2020)
        
        equipment
        
        6 ship to shore gantry crane
        
        1840t rubber tyred gantry cranes
        
        PoB spread over 1.2m square metres
        
        vehicle capacity
        
        475 cars at the free zone
        
        160 trucks at admin. building
        
        140 trucks at gate 9
  - - - Cpt. Boris Prokoshev ordered by ships owner to make last minute stop in Beirut to collect siesmic equipment.
        
        was rented to transport 1600 tonnes of seismic equipment from Beirut
        
        ship was already overloaded
        
        carrying 2700 Tonnes of high-density ammonium nitrate
        
        AN owned by Savaro LTD.
        
        A U.K. chemical trading company
        
        1 more item...
        
        officials failed to disclose ammonium nitrate and its dangers when ship arrived
        
        1 more item...
        
        Ship at cargo weight limit
        
        See annex 1 & 2
    - - Annex 1.
        
        Annotated event timeline
      - Annex 2.
        
        Rhosus's Transit documents
        
        Bill of landing
        
        High Density AN IMO 5.1
        
        Cargo manifest
        
        High Density AN IMO 5.1
        
        Transit Manifest
        
        High Density AN IMO 5.0
        
        Notice of Recognition Form
        
        High Density AN IMO 5.1 (in Transit)
        
        2755.500
        
        Unified List
        
        Cargo in transit
        
        2750 BIG BAGS
        
        2755.500 M/Tons
        
        p.189, Correspondence from ships owners addressing AN concerns
        
        p.190, notice from ships cpt. detailing concerns for the ship after it was abandoned by owners
        
        pp.191-206, references supplied with concerns for AN storage and timeline of AN incidents
    - - see
        
        Socio-political
        
        workplace factors
  - - - Russian millionaire Igor Grechushkin, owner of cargo ship 'Rhosus'
        
        abandoned vessel at port after ship deficiencies found and ship detained, 7 years befor explosion
        
        ship contained deadly ammonia nitrate
        
        Hazardous chemicals moved to a warehouse in the port
    - - variable levels of influence engaged with the ports operations
- - - - Site spread over 1.2 Km Squared. and includes, passenger terminals, general cargo and containers, a grain silo and duty free area
        
        General cargo area includes 12 warehouses
        
        5.55pm fire erupts in fireworks hanger (12)
        
        Nine firefighters and a paramedic deployed
        
        team fails to control fire
        
        6.07pm Ware house ignites and first explosion
        
        1 more item...
        
        Port channels more than 2/3 of Lebanon's external trade
        
        Grain silo contained 85% of the countries grain
    - - multiple organisations invested in operating Port
    - - Operated by single private company from 1887 - December 1990
        
        was subject to conditions and royalty fees paid to the state
        
        Workplace concerns during 1960 facility upgrade
      - 30 year, downgraded contract negotiated, begining 1960
        
        State takes control of concessions, exploitation and development rights & most of the interest held from royalty fee revenues
        
        contract expires December 31 (1990)
      - State appoints temporary commission December 31 (1990)
        
        Temp. commission operates under previous downgraded contract
        
        questionable legalities
        
        multiple entities invested
        
        disruptive changes and joint ventures
        
        ownership models consindered
        
        Recommendation, Beirut Port Corporation BPC be set up
        
        BPC to become fully privatized (2020) after a 10 yr period with state to keep a golden share to protect National interests
        
        Temp. Commission stay where we are (SWWA) 10 yr contract to expire (2020)
  - - - contained 2750 tons AN
    - - location and proximity to other hazardous material
        
        AN stored with 30-40 bags of fireworks in warehouse 12
        
        Yu et.al. (2021, p.201)
      - storage procedures and practices
        
        AN stored for 6-7 years
        
        Chambers (2020), Yu et.al. (2021)
  - - - AN can react violently with incompatible materials, recommended storage is in well ventilated spaces away from heat, fire, and explosion, including fuels & fireworks, and other combustible materials like wooden pallets.
    - - One of the largest in the middle east
        
        high pressure environment
        
        multiple organisations and workers that may not cause conflict
    - - temp. 31C, wind. 25km/h, SW, Vis. 8km, Cloud cover, mostly clear
- - - - large quantity of AN stored in warehouse without safety measures close to Beirut CBD
        
        Head of the Port and Head of the customs authority had their warnings and requests for AN to be removed ignored
        
        AN unloaded following a court order (2014)
      - PM Hassan Diab points blame on system of corruption, bigger than the state.
    - - Lebanon's senior leaders were informed of the dangers of AN
        
        President Michel Aonun
        
        then Prime Minister Hassan Diab
        
        Director General of State Security, Major General Tony Saliba
        
        former Lebanese Army Commander, General Jean Kahwaji
        
        former Minister of Finance, Ali Hassan Khalil
        
        former Minister of Public Works and Transport, Ghazi Zeaitar
        
        All Parliamentarians and Lawyers, currently protected by immunity
        
        High-Point Rendel contracted to develop permanent framework for POB
        
        Specialised British firm
        
        former Minister of Public Works and Transport, Youssef Fenianos
    - - (Hadi Baaj & Issa, 2001)
        
        Temp. commission, Gestion et Exploitation de Port de Beirut (GEPB) 20 yr contract established 31 December 1990
        
        European Investment Bank (EIB)
        
        $100m loan to PDG
        
        Port development group (PDG)
        
        private Lebanese company
        
        Partially owned by Dubai Port Authority (DPA)
        
        DPA & PDG to invest in container terminal superstructure
        
        invested US $150m
        
        For new container terminal infrastructure