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organizing第八章 - Coggle Diagram
organizing第八章
Managing change and innovation
How do manager resistance to change?管理者如何管理变革的阻力
Why do people resist organizational change?
Uncertainty:change replaces the known with uncertainty and we don't like uncertainty
Habit:we do things out of habit
Concern over personal loss:we fear losing something already possessed
Change is not in organization's best interests:we believe that the change is incompatible with the goals and interests of the organizations
What are some techniques for reducing resistance to organizational change?
Facilitation and support促进和支持
Negotiation谈判
Participation
Manipulation and co-optation操纵和选择
Education and communication
Coercion强制
People resist change even if it might be beneficial
What reaction do employees have to organizational change?
What is stress?
Stress:response to anxiety over intense demands,constraints,or opportunities
Functional stress:allows a person to perform at his or her highest level at crucial times
Symptoms:physical,psychological,behavioral
What cause stress?
Personal factors
Family and personal issues
Personality type:
Type A personality长期具有紧迫感，好胜心强
Type B personality心态轻松，为人合群，易于接受变革
Job-related factors
:(1)Task demands
(2)Role demands
(3)Interpersonal demands
(4)Organization structure
(5)Organizational leadership
Change often creates stess for employees
How can stress be reduced?
Job-related factors
:1.
Employee selection
-provide a realistic job preview and make sure an employee's abilities match the job requirements
2.
On-the-job
:improve organizational communications to minimize ambiguity
Personal factors
:Not easy for manager to control directly
Ethical considerations
General guidelines
:Not all stress is dysfunctional
Stress can never be totally eliminated
Reduce dysfunctional stress by controlling job-related factors and offering help for personal stress
What is change and how do managers deal with it
Why do organizations need to change?
External forces:New competition,Government laws and regulations,technology,fluctuation in labor markets劳动力市场的波动,economic changes
Internal forces:Redefine or modify an organization's strategy重新定义或修改组织的战略，composition of an organization's workforce,employee attitudes
Who initiates organizational change?
organizational changes need a catalyst组织变革需要催化剂
People who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility for managing the change process are called
change agents
变革推动者
change agents:any manager can or any nonmanager
organizational change
change some things in their workplace或者为
any alteration or adaptation of an organization's structure,technology,or people在P217
Changing structure:Authority relationships,coordinating mechanisms,job redesign,spans of control
Changing technology:Work processes,work methods,equipment
Changing people:Attitudes,expectations,perceptions,behavior
How does organizational change happen?
“Calm waters”metaphor“静水行船”式变革
"White-water rapids"metaphor“激流泛舟”式变革
Changes don't happen by chance
Efforts to assist organizational members with a planned change are referred to as organization development（OD）组织发展技术
OD efforts in organizations rely heavily on group interactions and cooperation and include:1.Survey feedback态度调查
2.Process consultation流程咨询
3.Team-building团队建设
4.Intergroup development团队融合
How can managers encourage innovation in an organization
How can a manager foster innovation?
The systems model:inputs--transformation process--outputs
Transformation process requires
having the right environment
to turn those inpus into innovative products or work methods
Include three variables:
the organization's structure,culture,and human resource practices
具体看P231
What's involved in innovation
Incubation潜伏
Inspiration灵感
Perception involves the way you see things感知
Innovation创新