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L8: The Jazz Age (1921–1929) - Coggle Diagram
L8: The Jazz Age (1921–1929)
The Politics of the 1920s
1.1 The Harding Administration
Warren G. Harding: "return to normalcy"
1.1.1 Teapot Dome and Other Scandals
:star:Harding gave jobs to friends and supporter
Ohio Gang--friends that had been given jobs by Harding
Ohio Gangs sell gov jobs, pardon, protection from prosecution
Colonel Charles R. Forbes sold scarce medical supplies and kept the money
Harding dies of heart attack on the tour to the West
Teapot Dome
Harding’s secretary of the interior, Albert B. Fall
Fall sold public land for private interest
received bribes
:star:vice president, Calvin Coolidge, became president
Attorney General Harry Daugherty
received bribes from German agents for a German-owned company seized in war
1.1.2 “Silent Cal” Takes Over
Calvin Coolidge remained some responsible cabinets
wanted to make sure gov. interfere less in economy
election of 1924, Coolidge won the nomination then the election obviously
1.2 Policies of Prosperity
early 1920s, large war debt
Andrew Mellon, secretary of the treasury
:star:balanced the budget, reduced gov. debt, lower taxes
Bureau of the Budget: organize a unified federal budget
General Accounting Office: track spending
:!!:supply-side economics: lower tax-->more money invested--->economic grow-->earn more money
Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce
cooperative individualism---encouraging businesses to form trade associations to connect with gov.
Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce: find new markets
Bureau of Aviation: organize airline industry
Federal Radio Commission: promote radio industry
1.3 Trade and Arms Control
US became the dominant economic power after WWI
maintain peace in the world
1.3.1 The Myth of Isolationism
:!!:isolationism---believing US will be better if stayed away from world affairs
:star:US maintains peace by economic policies and army controlling
1.3.2 The Dawes Plan
Allies had difficulty with their war debts
reparations from Germany were ruining German's economy
1924, American diplomat Charles G. Dawes
:star:agreement with GB, France, Germany, loan from US banks
Germany-->less reparation payment
France, GB--->less reparation focus more on war debts
1.3.3 The Washington Conference
eight major countries invited to the Washington Conference
Secretary of State, Charles Evans Hughes
:star:propose 10-year moratorium, or stop of construction of new warships
:star:required countries to destroy listed warships
Five-Power Naval Limitation Treaty
the act prevented war
1.3.4 Abolishing War
U.S. Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand
outlawed war
:star:Kellogg-Briand Pact: nations agreed to abandon war
A Growing Economy
2.1 The Rise of New Industries
1920s, wages increased, work hours decreased
:!!:mass production: large scale production with machines
goods cost less
2.1.1 The Assembly Line and the Model T
Assembly line
:!!:: operations cut into simple tasks, reduce unnecessary steps
carmaker Henry Ford
massive production of Model T (car)
lower cost, increase sales
expanded the petroleum industry
High Wages for Workers
Ford increased wages for workers
BUT, :!:Sociological Department: requirements for larbors
The Social Impact of the Automobile
cars allowed people to live farther
auto commuter: people who live far away
other transportations became less popular
2.1.2 Consumer Goods
new products for better living were produced
2.1.3 Birth of the Airline Industry
Samuel Langley
built small planes with steam engines
Wilbur and Orville Wright
studied problems
better wings, propeller, engine
Glenn Curtiss
director of the Aerial Experiment Association
ailerons: nowadays's plane kind
gov. supported airline industry
airmail service created
aviation industry boosted
:!:Kelly Act: allow postal offices to sign contract with private airline companies to carry mail
:!:Air Commerce Act: federal aid for airline industry
Charles Lindbergh: showed the ability to fly transcontinental
2.1.4 The Radio Industry
1913, Edwin Armstrong, invented a circuit for long-rang radio
daily programs were broadcasted
entertainments were broadcasted
2.2 The Consumer Society
benefits for worker-->economic boost
2.2.1 Easy Consumer Credit
aspect of economic boost
people willing to borrow debts
before: debts---shameful
now: had the ability to pay debts--->more debts
2.2.2 Mass Advertising
inventor Otto Rohwedder, commercial useless products
opened the door for ads
1924 magazine advertisement
2.2.3 The Managerial Revolution
early 1920s, companies divided workers into departments
hired more managers
career of professional manager expanded the middle class
high demand in engineer expanded the mid classs
nation's prosperity
2.2.4 Welfare Capitalism
:!!: welfare capitalism: allowed workers to buy stock, share profits, receive medical care
The Decline of Unions
unions seem unnecessary
open shop: workplace where labors weren't required to join an union
laborers improved their lives
Uneven Prosperity
African Americans replaced by soldiers
isolated
immigrants found difficult to find job
Deep South: farmers failed to benefit from prosperity
2.3 The Farm Crisis
farmers: large production without corresponding demand--->low earnings
farming tech cost increased
2.3.1 Changing Market Conditions
during the war
gov. urged farmers to product
farmers borrowed money to obtain land to met the requirements
after the war
output rose
EU not able to afford agriculture products
:!!:Fordney-McCumber Act: higher tariffs, no overseas market
2.3.2 Helping Farmers
McNary-Haugen Bill: gov. boost farm prices, buy surpluses, sell product overseas
declined by Wilson: farmers will create even more products
A Clash of Values
3.1 Nativism Resurges
:star:resurgence of racism and nativism
soldiers blaming immigrants on taking their jobs
3.1.1 The Sacco-Vanzetti Case
April 15, 1920, Massachusetts
two men robbed a shoe factory
murdered two employees
arrested two Italian immigrants, Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti
the two were anarchist (oppose gov.)
two were executed
3.1.2 Return of the Ku Klux Klan
:star:old KKK targeted un-Americans
William J. Simmons , found the new KKK
sell memberships
began to decline in the late 1920s
results scandals and corruption
3.1.3 Controlling Immigration
1921, Harding
:star:Emergency Quota Act: restricted annual admission
1924, National Origins Act: immigration quotas based on ethnic groups
3.1.4 Hispanic Immigration
worker in unions to reduce European competition
Mexican American moving west to be farmers
:star:Newlands Reclamation: gov. funded irrigation
many Mexican Americans move western
3.2 A Clash of Cultures
nationalists feared that the traditional culture can be took over
3.2.1 Women in the 1920s
women' attitude toward marriage changed
loving and emotional aspects were important
Sigmund Freud’s psychological theories: emphasize human sexuality
cars: encouraged kids to hang out with friends
more working women expect to establish financial independence
fashion of women changed
women college encouraged women to pursue careers and challenge traditional ideas of womenhood
professional women making progress in science, medicine, law, and literature
Birth Control League: control number of children born to make living better
3.2.2 Fundamentalism
:!!:Fundamentalism: nativists believing new moralities were ruining traditions in terms of religion
Fundamentalist Beliefs
Bible is everything
:!:rejected evolution: human developed by themselves
:!:believed in creationism: God created the world
The Scopes Trial
1925, Tennessee outlawed any edu. denying the Bible
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) asked teachers to teach evolution and willing to be arrested
John T. Scopes, volunteered, arrested
William Jennings Bryan, creationists; Clarence Darrow, defend Scopes
Scopes sentenced guilty and was fined
Darrow's cross-examination hurt the creationists
fundamentalism was declined
3.2.3 Prohibition
most people supported the prohibition of alcohol
:star:Volstead Act: made U.S. Treasury Department responsible of the prohibition act
increased the power of federal gov.
:!:other created speakeasies: secret bars selling alcohol
people smuggling alcohol in Canada and Caribbean
Al Capone, corrupted officials to gain alcohol
:star:Twenty-first Amendment: ended alcohol prohibition to provide safer society
Cultural Innovations
4.1 Art and Literature
1920s, artists and writers were challenging traditional ideas
:!:bohemian: unconventional artists
advocated for freedom to express ideas
Chicago’s South Side and New York’s Greenwich Village: PLACE FOR ART
4.1.1 Modern American Art
Europeans arts influence modernists American ats
expressing the individual, modern experience.
4.1.2 Poets and Writers
poets and writer varied greatly in style and subject
Carl Sandburg, poet, using common works to praise the Midwest
Willa Cather, poet, depicting life on the Great Plains
Gertrude Stein, poet, mentored many writers
Eugene O’Neill, playwright, portraying realistic characters in life
Ernest Hemingway, “heroic antiheroes” during WWI
F. Scott Fitzgerald’s, use characters to express critical views
Edith Wharton, used irony and humor to criticize upper-class ignorance
4.2 Popular Culture
prosperity of the 1920s allowed people to be aware of entertainments
4.2.1 Movies and Radio Shows
before films and music are integrated
piano players to provide music and subtitle to show the plot
golden age of Hollywood
Broadcast developed furthermore
:!:mass media—radio, movies, newspapers, and magazines aimed at a broad audience
:!:provincialism: narrowed down local interests
helped people to break down patterns of provincialism
spread more new ideas and attitudes
4.2.2 Sports
watching sports became popular
baseball, football, golf, swimming
college for sports
African American Culture
5.1 The Harlem Renaissance
during WWI, Great Migration
African Americans flooding in cities
:!!:Harlem Renaissance: AA brought culture and arts
5.1.1 The Writers
Claude McKay
emphasized on American racism and published the book
Langston Hughes
leading voice of the AA experience
Zora Neale Hurston
depicts rural AA culture
5.1.2 Jazz, Blues, and the Theater
:!:Louis Armstrong: introduced Jazz
Edward “Duke” Ellington
composed piano pieces
created own type of music
started at Cotton Club--nightclub in Harlem
Bessie Smith
symbolized soul with singing
:!!:blues: a soulful style of music that evolved from African American spirituals
theatre arts: Shuffle Along, fist all AA theatre
Paul Robeson.
focused on acting and gained fame
Josephine Baker
well-known singer and dancer
proceeded her career internationally
Harlem Renaissance brought AA culture to the world and change AAs political position
5.2 African Americans and 1920s Politics
1919, AA veterans marched for new aspiration
5.2.1 The Black Vote in the North
AA became a powerful voting bloc
AA at North vote for republicans
elect Oscar DePriest, first AA represenative in Congress
5.2.2 The NAACP Battles Injustice
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
anti-lynching legislation: senate defeated, kept on fighting
1930, defeat of Judge John J. Parker’s nomination
NAACP joined the labor unions: the judge was racist and antilabor
5.2.3 Black Nationalism and Marcus Garvey
:!!:Black Nationalism:emphasizing on black's pride and separation/independence from whites
:star:Marcus Garvey; black leader of “Negro Nationalism”
Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
promote black's edu.
leading back to Africa
Garvey convicted to prison
Coolidge deported Garvey