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Political Philosophies : :, Anarchism is a process whereby authority and…

- - - - Power – causal leverage between work done and a resulting consequence
        
        applying power produces results
        
        POWER USED
        
        Natural science - causal nature in scientific world: POWER = WORK DONE ÷ TIME TAKEN
        Human world - applies the ability of an individual/ political institution to connect resources to a common cause.
  - - - a theoretical framework to guide research – realistic framework is pragmatic (emphasizes actions and ends)
  - - - The agent will pursue his own interests when pressed into action – claims that can only be pursued at the cost of others.
        
        Political realism – might is right – whoever holds power does so by virtue of their ability to wield it intelligently against all competitors
  - - - Realism’s driving theory shows how violent those relationships can be and how individuals or states ought to act to defend themselves against life’s vagaries. Those relationships can and should only be about power.
        
        POWER
        
        wealth – voluntary agency
        arms – coercion
        
        Realists support politicized education that encourages the young population to consider the importance of living in a powerful nation – patriotism and nationalism - power politics.
        
        A larger population implies greater power and hence standing in the international community
    - - Man is predisposed to violence and predation to preserve himself against the predation of others. – Man is self-seeking, seeks pleasure and avoids pain.
        
        For Machiavelli man is inherently corruptible. Must be carefully watched if it`s not clever enough to secure a monopoly. His values may be bought.
      - Realism supports psychological egoism - man cannot gain except at someone else’s cost - conflict becomes inevitable when agents seek the same interest
        
        Agents may ally and cooperate so long as they share a similar goal, and their policies may be adapted to include each other.
      - Realist man is an individualist who is driven by self-preservation and the fear of death. They can feel threatened by others fighting to secure their own realms, giving up his rights in favour of security and peace to a policing government
      - Moral vision of the future of most realists – peace is secured or is about standard codes of ethics that retain a place in human conduct despite pragmatic power-mongering
    - - General political realists focus on the need or ethic of ensuring that the relevant agent (politician, nation, culture) must provide its survival by securing its own needs and interests before it looks to the needs of others.
        
        Realists argue that a nation has only itself to depend on, and it should strive for self-sufficiency in resources so far as it is practical.
        
        Mercantilists believe that a nation can only advance its interests at the cost of other countries' interests, implying that the international environment is inherently unstable. - Thus, the economic theory is flawed, as trade is a mutually beneficial exchange
      - Political realists are often characterized as amoralists accepting any means available to uphold the national interest - the definition of morality is being twisted to assume that acting in one’s own or one’s nation’s interests is immoral.
        
        That`s an unfair claim against serving one’s national interest, just as claiming that any self-serving action is necessarily immoral - The discussion invokes the ethics of impartiality.
    - - A government is formed because man cannot trust his neighbours, so he seeks a contract in which he posits his natural rights in the institution of a state.
        
        The realist state is a necessary institution that emerges out of war or threat and is justified to guarantee peace among civilians.
        
        Realists emphasize that power must be played correctly, so much as it rests in the majority’s hands to accept or deny the power of government and men.
        
        Aim to secure the survival of the state, to which citizens owe their allegiance, time, resources and even lives, at all costs.
        
        Realism stands out when dealing with issues that can put the state at risk, such as civil war and especially foreign invasion.
      - The state’s ethic should be, beyond the value of preserving itself, completely amoral – For Machiavelli, pragmatism should govern politicians in their struggle for power: they must adopt whatever is required.