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apartheid and reconciliation - what led to the system of apartheid…
apartheid and reconciliation - what led to the system of apartheid becoming law in south africa?
existing discrimination pre-1948
discriminatory legislation
1911 mines and works act
excluded africans from most skilled jobs in the mines which were reserved for white people
1911 natives' labour regulation act
set out working conditions for africans
they were to be recruited in rural areas
finger printed and issued with pass books
this gave them permission to enter their areas of work
1913 natives land act
restricted african ownership of land to 7% of south africa
the government argued that this was equivalent to the african land holdings before the whites occupied the hinter lands
many africans were now forced to work for white farmers of leave to work under the temporary contracts in mines and cities
most of the land the africans were allowed to keep was of poor quality - the land white people had not taken
1923 natives (urban areas) act
africans should remain in cities only to meet the needs of the white inhabitants eg. domestic servants
africans employed in industries or mining were required to live in townships specially built on the outskirts of cities for them
it was necessary for them to leave these townships when their contracts had ended
1924 industrial conciliation act
restricted the right of africans to organise themseleves into trade unions or negotiate their terms of employment
no rights were given to employees
1927 native administration act
established by the department of native affairs (NAD) and was to control all matters regarding africans
they were now separated by law from all other south africans and had no civic rights outside of this structure
1936 native trust and land act
increased the amount of tribal reserves from 7% to 13.6%, africans not allowed to by any land outside of tribal reserves
1936 representation of the natives act
approx. 10,000 africans had been able to vote in the cape on the same basis as white people (if they owned enough property they could vote) the act removed such rights
africans were essentially disenfranchised and treated as foreigners with no right to permanent residence outside of the tribal reserves
african leaders in the cape were allowed to vote for 4 white representatives to the senate
a native representative council was created of six white officials, four nominated and 12 elected africans to represent the views of cape africans in parliament
pass laws
developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries to control the movement of africans and manage migrant labour
operated a type of internal passport system to control where africans could live, work and visit
while each south african province had its own system of pass laws they were formalised and centralised
the growth of the afrikaaner nationalism
during ww2 while many joined with english speakers in supporting the allied forced some afrikaners actively worked for a nazi victory eg. publishing and broadcasting pro-nazi material
180,000 white men of fighting age within south africa joined the allied forces
many afrikaners joined the openly pro-facist greyshirts or supported the oxwagon sentinel modelled on the nazi party
250,000 supporters of oxwagon by 1939
many of these 250,000 were interned as potential traitors during war years
united party moderation of race policies
united party expected to remain in power following 1945 however various issues prevented this from happening
outgoing prime minister jan smuts was old and tired - had been heavily involved in the allied leadership during and post ww2 due to this many felt he was out of touch with up and coming developments within south africa
election campaign lacked direction and drive, lack of modern and innovative ideas
united party seemed weak on race relations which nationalists were able to exploit allowing the nationalists to win english speaking votes
post- war reunity among afrikaners
following ww2 many afrikaners reunited under the national party banned emphasising their common interests despite the lack of unity throughout ww2 supporting both the allies and nazis
afrikaners did not trust english speaking parties
1938 voortrekker monument celebrating 100 years since the battle of the blood river was built, created real sense of afrikaner identity
battle between zulu and voortrekker boers - clash over land rights in natal, massacre of the voortrekker boers by the zulu king dingane
afrikaner finance concerns were set up to help afrikaners set up their own businesses
dutch reformed church provided afrikaner schools and cultural activities to increase afrikaner pride
national party policy on race
many south africans distrusted the united party on its race policies
during election campaign smuts suggested the increase in africans into white areas for employment should continue, smuts emphasised that africans should continue living in segregated and regulated communities
national party introduced the idea of apartheid an easily achievable, comprehensible policy that could be implemented quickly and efficiently
the policy of apartheid appealed to many english speakers despite the fact that the practicalities of separation had not yet been worked out however the basic premise was straightforward and appealing
africans were to only be allowed into south africa as guest workers and otherwise confined to their reserves
british influence
south africa had been a dominion within the british empire since 1910
english speaking parties dominated the south african government during the interwar period
just as racist and segregationist as the national party - producing discriminatory laws to maintain white supremacy
afrikaners resented the british and their influence for the following reasons:
they had been defeated in the 2nd boer war (1899-1902) and resented the settlement that saw south africa created as a british dominion
they resented south africa supporting britain in the first world war due to the many strong ties they had to germany
they also resented the dominance of english speakers within the economy
1910 constitution
as a dominion the british government were able to appoint a governer general and a two house legislature
the parliament consisting of the senate and the house of assembly
the 50 senators in the senate were appointed by the governor general or by the regional assemblies of the four provinces of the cape province
the two dominant parties were the unionists and the national party
unionist sought to maintain close ties with britain, dominated by english speakers
national party comprised of mainly afrikaners who sought more independence with the final goal of a republic
the impact of the second world war
political parties before the second world war
all poltical parties in contest for power were dominated by white africans leading afrikaners to feel excluded from power
the most successful parties were composed of a majority of english speakers
they passed segregationist legislation which benefitted all white groups
during the interwar years 1919-1939 afrikaners developed their own institutions these included the broederbond
broederbond: influential movement established in 1918 and dedicated to promoting their own interests
during the apatheid era, 1948-1994 every south african leader was a member if the broederbond
after strugglers and mergers the main afrikaner party emerged - the national party
national party promoted afrikaner identity and values
main aims included: implementing a system of apartheid, white supremacy and reducing ties with great britain
the election of 1948
the national party won 79 seats to the united party's 71
new government under D.F. Malan was committed to an extensive policy of segregation in which the races where to separated as much as possible
the national party was to win every further election until the demise of apartheid in 1994
contributing factors to the national party victory in 1948
the impact of the 2nd world war on the economy
the growth of afrikaner nationalism and nazi support
post war reunity among afrikaners
the national party policy on race
weighting of constituencies
lack of international intervention
impact of the second world war on economy
need for labour increased and meant many laws restricting the employment of africans were reduced
of the 125,000 extra workers employed in manufacturing during the war years only 25% were white people
whilst africans did receive far less pay afrikaners feared africans would take their jobs once the war was over - this pushed many to support the national party and its pro-apartheid policies
key dates
1899-1902 second boer war
1910 creation of the dominion of south africa
1912 formation of the ANC
1944 ANC youth league (ANCYL) formed
1948 national party electoral victory
1949 prohibition of mixed marriages act
1950 population registration act & suppression of communism act
1951 defiance of campaign
1952 national laws amendment act
1953 bantu education act
1955 freedom charter adopted
1956 tomlinson committee reported bantustans & women's pass protest
1956-61 treason trial
1957 zeerust uprising
1959 formation of PAC
national party
grand and petty apartheid
carry of passes
formalised in national laww
strengthening national party
impose white supremacy through an all-embracing system of apartheid
end political ties with britain