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Travel & Tourism, These all can be either - Coggle Diagram

- - - - increase visitor numbers, snow 4 winter sports.
      - increase snow- increase avalanche risks, reduce numbers
    - - reduce numbers, droughts in areas that use to get a winter market for winter sports
- - - - Changes to national economy and GDP (gross domestic profit) - if the country becomes poorer there will be less to spend on infrastructure and the destination will decline in terms of people wanting to visit.
      - • How much extra money ( disposable money) people have. with extra money people will travel. This means more jobs for people that provide travel services.
      - • Change in distribution of wealth e.g. growth in BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are becoming richer.
      - • Changes in employment opportunities - more jobs = more people making money and improving the countries economy. More people will want to visit.
      - • Changes in currency exchange rates - can encourage or discourage travel. when the value of the money in a country drops, it makes it more expensive for residents of that country to visit other countries, because their money is not worth much there. e.g. ZAR ( SA money to Pounds UK money), has a very poor conversion rate. But for foreigners visiting SA it is cheap, because they get a lot of SA rands for their pounds. The more people that visit a country, the more jobs that are needed, which makes the economy grow, and that will help its exchange rate to improve.
      - • Infrastructure development and improvement - the economics of a country affects this. The more money put in to development of an area the easier it is for visitors to move around.
  - - - Terrorism, war, civil unrest, crime - all affect social harmony
      - • Changes to security measures
        
        Visa apply for permission to enter a country, enhances security, makes people feel safer, easy way to control numbers of visitors. Entry controls - arrivals screened to make sure they not carrying anything they shouldn't. CCTV cameras - pick up on crime, bag searches -contain threat, visible security guards with sniffer dogs-reduces terrorism risks. Scan bags & bodies-not carrying dangerous objects. Passport control desks checking who is arriving and going. Biological screening- reduces the spread of disease. e.g. covid test
      - • Changes to legislation - various laws applied to protect the tourists & country. New regulations can make people feel safer & more inclined to visit a country. Can be costly to introduce new laws.
        
        Consumer protection
        
        Employment law
        
        Anti-discriminatory practices
        
        Environmental protection - sustainable & responsible tourism, conservation of sites, monuments, culture
  - - - Ageing populations - people live longer & some retire earlier. This means they have more leisure time to take up hobbies and explore. in some places people retire later, so they have less leisure time
      - •People are more adventurous, More concerned about health & getting more active. Trends are changing and people are becoming more confident to travel
      - • Middle class rising in Eastern countries, declining in the West
      - • New family structures: increased singles market, fewer families with children
      - Increased awareness of health: areas with associated health risks avoided, contaminated beaches, high levels of air pollution, increased risk of disease (e.g. SARS, H1N1, Ebola)
        
        Countries can protect against the spread of disease by: testing people upon entrance, to make sure they don't have it. Visas- can restrict people from certain countries where there may be an outbreak of a certain disease. Vaccines: can offer protection before the people arrive.
  - - - Developments in information technology:
      - – availability of information via displays (big screens in airports- keeps tourists updated)
      - online bookings ( 24/7) & online checkins ( no need for check in staff, can go straight to bag drop, saves time)
      - operations and travel agencies
      - mobile technology - get current info quickly & convenient, brochures available online, cheap internet use -increase profits, 24 hour access for tour operators and independent travel
      - role of social media - put us in touch with others, write reviews, post photos/comments. Positive comments increase visitors, negative comments decrease visitors. Businesses can create their own pages, respond to comments with apologies & solutions, advertise events, promotions etc. Cheap form of advertising.
      - – e-marketing and virtual tours
      - – e-ticketing and self-check-in facilities ( avoid queues)
      - –biometrics in passport control ( increases security - speeds up check in)
      - automated baggage handling ( efficient and easy to track)
      - Passports with microchips - make passing through immigration faster, microchips store a lot of information
  - - - • Natural disasters - major disastrous events cause by nature. e.g floods, hurricanes, volcanic erruptions, earthquakes, monsoons
        
        Raising sea level = flooding
        
        High temps kill vegetation
        
        no shade, too hot, cause skin cancer
        
        storms, high tides, wash away beaches
        
        insects e.g mosquitos thrive spread disease
        
        heat wild fires
        
        drought lack of water
      - • Diminishing oil reserves:
        
        seeking new travel forms
        
        switch to trains rather than planes or cars.
        
        engine development that are cleaner, use less fuel
        
        electric cars & solar powered flights
        
        other fuel sources to develop electricity which then can be used to power transport
      - Climate change - long term shift in weather patters in a specific region or globally.
      - Global warming - refers only to only one aspect of climate change, the rise of the surface temperature of the earth.
      - • How to protection the environment and conserve natural/cultural heritage
        
        Reduce energy ( use solar & wind energy)
        
        Promote local shopping, reducing import needs
        
        promote local accommodation
        
        provide sustainable experiences
        
        look after natural habitats
  - - - Market-driven
      - • Change in attitudes and tastes
      - • Polarisation of demand for budget and luxury products
      - • Specialised packages
      - • Sustainable and responsible tourism
      - • Product differentiation
        
        introduce short breaks, close by domestic tourism, weekend getaways
        
        niche markets - sports, cruises
        
        ecotourism programs, people care about environment - new unspoilt or areas that are struggling where people can pay to actually help. e.g. save turtles in Madagascar
        
        participation programs - festivals, dynamic museum exhibits, cooking classes
      - • Product line extension
      - • Changing the cost/quality ratio of the product
- - - - The area a tourist travels from to visit another place
    - - Area a tourist arrives in when visiting from another place.
- - - - – scheduled
      - – chartered
      - – low cost flights/budget
    - - – cruise
      - – ferry services
    - - – national
      - – international
      - – luxury train routes
    - - – car hire
      - – coach services
  - - - • Hotels
      - • Hostels
      - • Guesthouses
      - • Campsites
      - • Self-catering
      - • Food and beverage outlets
  - - - Tour operators/Holiday representatives
        
        Offer specialised holidays catering for specific requirements. These focus on interests and activities which appeal to a particular sector of the tourist market.
      - Travel agents
  - - - national parks, coral reefs, wildlife reserves and landscape features (such as lakes, mountains,beaches)
    - - e.g. zoos, aquariums, theme parks, galleries,theatres, museums, castles, gardens
  - - - Currency exchange
      - • Car hire
      - • Tourist information and guiding services
      - • Bookings/reservations
- - - - sustainable tourism
        
        use traditional materials & local skills of community
        
        reduce carbon emissions by using different transportation
        
        solar
        
        traditional accommodation to educate about culture - local crafts & foods
        
        analyse conservation needs of the environment - maintaining natural environments with strict guidelines
        
        strict numbers of tourists
        
        recycling
        
        stick to footpaths
        
        looking after wildlife & natural biodiversity of area
    - - dark tourism - trips to locations of former conflict, such as battlefields or concentration camps, castle dungeons where prisoners were kept, museum to see weapons
      - slum tourism - trips to places like Soweto squatter camps to get a better understanding of the hardships of the country. LEDC countries.
      - film tourism- visit locations that have been part of movies or tv programs. e.g the harry potters movies.
- - - - Positive/negative customer experience
      - • Satisfied/dissatisfied with organisation
      - • Sense of gaining/not gaining value for money
    - - Increased/decreased job satisfaction
      - • Increased/decreased skill development and enhancement
      - • Work as part of an effective/ineffective team
    - - More efficient/inefficient workforce
      - • Increased/decreased levels of customer satisfaction
      - • Customer loyalty/disloyalty
      - • More/less likelihood of repeat business
      - • Increase or/loss of income
      - • Positive/negative reputation of the organisation
  - - - Individuals
      - • Groups, including different age or cultural groups, educational
      - groups and special interest groups
      - • Families
      - • Foreign visitors with language and cultural differences
      - • People with specific needs: people with mobility and access
      - difficulties, people with sensory disabilities, visitors with
      - special dietary requirements
      - What do they all need?
        products and services that meet specific
        needs of customers
        
        Products and services that meet their specific needs
        
        • Resolving customers’ problems and complaints
        
        • Assistance
        
        • Information and advice
        
        Ancillary products and services
    - - Members of staff within an organisation, e.g. colleagues, managers and supervisors
      - • An organisation’s suppliers
      - • Employees of other organisations, e.g. retail outlets at an airport are internal customers of the airport, when they purchase a product or service they then become an external customer or that organisation they are purchasing from.
      - What do they need?
        
        Safe working environment
        
        • Training appropriate to their job role
        
        • Knowledge of procedures, routines and performance standards
        
        for carrying out specific duties
        
        • Job satisfaction
        
        • Incentives and rewards
        
        • Respect from colleagues and managers
- - - - They research and make sure that they understand the social-economic needs of their country so they can help to better the country. Such as develop areas of national heritage. Which helps the country both socially & economically ...
      - They then provide information and promotion within the country & are also responsible for creating awareness about tourism in SA overseas and look after international relationships with the UNWTO
      - They set and monitor standards of lodging and restaurants
      - They do this by :
        
        Making sure that the overall tourism policy of the country is adhered to.