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Metabolism - Coggle Diagram
Metabolism
Enzymes
Classifications
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oxidoreductase
Oxidases: which use oxygen as hydrogen acceptor viz. tyrosine, cytochrome oxidase, uricase etc.
b. Anaerobic dehydrogenases: which use some other substances as hydrogen acceptor viz. Malic, Succinic and Lactic dehydrogenase.
c. Hydro peroxidases: They use hydrogen peroxides as hydrogen acceptor viz. Peroxidases, Catalases.
d. Dehydrogenases or Aerobic dehydrogenases: Dehydrogenases which can use either oxygen or another substance as hydrogen acceptor are termed as Aerobic dehydrogenases viz. D& L-amino acid oxidases, Xanthine oxidases, Aldehyde oxidases.
e. Oxygenases: which act on single hydrogen donor with incorporation of oxygen viz. Tryptophan oxygenase.
f. Hydroxylases: which act on paired donors with incorporation of oxygen into one donor viz. Phenylalanine 4 – hydroxylase, Steroid hydroxylases.
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lyase
These are a group of enzymes that reversibly catalyse the removal of chemical groups from substrates non hydrolytically.
transferase
This is a group of enzymes that catalyse the transfer of some group or radical, ‘R’, from one molecule A to another molecule B. Thus, AR+B= A+BR. They are especially important for biological synthesis. Transaminases, transphosphorylases, transglycosidases and transacetylase are typical enzymes of this group.
Lock and key
Enzymes are folded into complex shapes that allow smaller molecules to fit into them. The place where these molecules fit is called the active site . In the lock and key model, the shape of the active site matches the shape of its substrate molecules.
induced fit
the basis of the so-called induced-fit theory, which states that the binding of a substrate or some other molecule to an enzyme causes a change in the shape of the enzyme so as to enhance or inhibit its activity.
inhibitor
Enzyme inhibitors are substances which bind to the enzyme with resulting loss of activity, without damaging the enzyme's protein structure.
affecting factors
Enzyme activity can be affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, pH, and concentration. Enzymes work best within specific temperature and pH ranges, and sub-optimal conditions can cause an enzyme to lose its ability to bind to a substrate.
Catabolism
Carbohydrates
The breakdown (catabolism) and synthesis (anabolism) of carbohydrate molecules represent the primary means for the human body to store and utilize energy and to provide building blocks for molecules such as nucleotides
Anaerobic metabolism can only use glucose and glycogen, while aerobic metabolism can also break down fats and protein.
glycolysis is the most common pathway for the catabolism of glucose; it produces energy, reduced electron carriers, and precursor molecules for cellular metabolism.
Dekarboksilasi oksidatif adalah tahapan dari katabolisme setelah glikolisis. Dilansir dari Britannica encyclopedia, asam piruvat hasil glikolisis dioksidari oleh kompleks enzim piruvat dehydrogenase (PDC) untuk menghasilkan asetil koenzim A dan karbon dioksida.
the Krebs or citric acid cycle, is the main source of energy for cells and an important part of aerobic respiration. The cycle harnesses the available chemical energy of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA) into the reducing power of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
The electron transport chain is a series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP in a complete system named oxidative phosphorylation. It occurs in mitochondria in both cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
Alcoholic fermentation is a complex biochemical process during which yeasts convert sugars to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and other metabolic byproducts that contribute to the chemical composition and sensorial properties of the fermented foodstuffs.
Lactic acid is an organic acid produced by the body when glucose (sugar) is broken down to generate ATP (cellular energy) in the absence of oxygen.
Fats & Protein
protein:
Protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into absorbable monomers for further degradation or reassembly
Fats:
Fatty acid catabolism is the mechanism by which the body accesses energy stored as triglycerides