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PHI 208 Chapter 2, Moral objectivity is the view that at least some moral…

- - - - 1. Moral standards are objective.
        
        Moral Relativism -- More than one moral position on a given topic can be correct (CC)
        
        Relativism doubts whether moral standards are objective, instead maintaining that they are only true or false relative to a culture or individual.
        
        relativism A belief system that is dependent on the beliefs and values of a culture or individual.
        
        By contrast, relativism rejects moral objectivity. Instead, relativism holds that the truth of moral standards depends entirely on the beliefs and values that a culture or individual subject happens to hold.
        
        cultural relativism, acknowledges that within a particular culture, given a set of characteristic beliefs, values, and customs, certain behaviors might be right or wrong; it denies, that the same judgment can be applied to similar behaviors in another culture with a different set of characteristic beliefs, values, and customs; it denies that there are any judgments of right and wrong that extend across all cultures regardless of whether their beliefs, values, and customs support those judgments.
        
        subjectivism is the view that matters of right and wrong are *ultimately relative to the values that each individual subject recognizes and affirms.*
      - 2. Moral standards are unconditional.
        
        Egoism doubts whether moral standards are unconditional, instead maintaining that they are only good if they serve an individual’s self-interest, which in turn implies that it may be better for individuals to act contrary to moral standards if they can.
        
        egoism The assumption that each individual is primarily concerned with his or her own benefit.
      - 3 Common Features of each:
        
        1. skepticism is not mere doubting or contradicting
        2. the general features of morality that skeptics question—such as its objectivity and unconditionality—are ones that most moral systems take for granted.
        3. Skepticism questions metaethical ideas like moral objectivity or unconditionality. However, questioning these ideas can have significant implications with respect to normative and applied ethics.
- - - - 1
        
        Moral Absolutism -- There are absolute standards against which moral questions can be judged
      - 2
        
        Moral Relativism -- More than one moral position on a given topic can be correct
      - 3
        
        Cultural Relativism
        
        Normative cultural relativism -- it's not your beliefs but moral facts themselves that differ from culture to culture
        
        Descriptive cultural relativism -- people's moral beliefs differ from culture to culture
    - - Moral Subjectivism -- Moral statements can be true and false - right or wrong - but they refer only to peoples' attitudes, rather than their actions