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Pollution Crisis - Coggle Diagram

- - - - surpasses that of HIV/AIDS, parasitic, vector-borne and other infectious diseases by a large margin
      - exceeds LLE due to all forms of violence by an order of magnitude
      - exceeds LLE due to smoking by a third
      - dominated by cardiovascular diseases, lower respiratory infections and other non-communicable diseases (not transmittable)
    - - the 40-a-day habit: used to measure the health impact of PM2.5 - relative to smoking 40 cigarettes a day.
    - - large population + concentrated high air pollution
        = high premature deaths in the country
      - premature mortality = death that happens earlier than it should've due to high air pollution
      - Urban premature mortality by outdoor air pollution:
        2010 - 2million (60% of global total)
        2050 - 4.3 million (65% of global total)
      - broader impacts:
        
        lowers Chinese's happiness levels
        
        affect labor productivity and human capital (effects cognitive dev. and brain power)
        
        threatens brain health
- - - - but not everywhere is polluted to the same extent
      - more of a concern in some areas than others
    - - especially on human health, plants and crops
    - - all interrelated, co-beneficial solutions
  - - - more smog: forms in presence of high heat and uv radiation
      - more frequent flooding = damp conditions = rise in mold
        
        contaminate water supplies, stress in communities, increase mosquito-borne diseases
      - warmer weather = longer pollen seasons = increase pollen production
    - - negative effects
        
        harm plants
        
        irritates eyes
        
        respiratory distress
        
        decrease visibility
        
        detrimental to health
      - Sulfurous smog
        
        from Sulphur oxides from burning Sulphur-containing ff (e.g.coal)
      - Photochemical / Ozone smog
        
        reaction between: sunlight + NOx + volatile organic compounds
        (e.g. gasoline, paint, cleaning solvents)
        
        NO2 from car exhaust, coal powerplants, factory emissions
    - - form gas/coal combustion, waste incineration/ burning gasoline
        
        mercury, lead, dioxides, benzine
      - adverse environmental effects
      - health problems
        
        cancer
        
        reproductive complications
        
        birth defects
    - - decrease ff use in transportation, manufacturing, electricity generation
      - to slow rate of global warming
- - - - almost all megacities exceed WHO guidelines for PM2.5 - especially in china and india
      - Mumbai, Delhi, Shanghai, Beijing
      - WHO guidelines stricter than national standards
      - *see notes for diagram
    - - all cities exceed WHO guidelines for PM2.5
      - *see notes for average annual PM2.5 conc of cities
      - KL: O3 ~ 100ppb (above national guidline)
      - air pollution is a common issue in all cities around the world
  - - - large lost of tropical national rainforests
      - mainly conversion into oil palm / pulpwood plantations
      - removed tropical rainforests - close association with rainfall and humidity. therefore dries out and lands are more likely to catch fire
    - - *see notes for satellite picture
      - fires were concentration in areas of peat soil (72%) and often in pulpwood timber plantations (55%)
    - - episodes: June 2013 - Feb 2014 - Sept/Oct 2015 - Sept/Oct 2019
      - may have lead to 100k premature deaths, but findings were dismissed by SEA governments
    - - *see notes for global CO2 growth rate
      - bigger increases in large haze years
      - on many days during sept/oct 2015, the Indonesian fires emitted more CO2 than the entire US
- - - - 20% reduction in CO2 emissions
      - 45% reduction in methane emissions
      - prevent up to a third of a C in global warming
      - reductions in O3 would reduce crop losses by 45%
        (disrupts stomatal control)
      - reduce premature mortality from air pollution by a thrid