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L5: The Progressive movement (1890–1920) - Coggle Diagram
L5: The Progressive movement (1890–1920)
The Roots of Progressivism
1.1 The Rise of Progressivism
Progressivism-variety of ideas and activities
Progressivism: responses of problems due to industrialization
progressives came out with different ideas to solve the problem
1.1.1 Who Were the Progressives?
against the laissez-faire
believe that industrialization and urbanization caused many social problems (e.g. crimes, poverty, pollution)
belonged to both political parties
members are urban, educated, middle-class
agreed that GOV. SHOULD TAKE A BIGGER ROLE
gov. should fix itself than fix the society
TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE can solve social issues
1.1.2 The Muckrakers
Muckraker - journalists, first ones who expressed progressive ideas (social and political)
used widely spread and cheap newspapers to express ideas
Jacob Riis: criticized social problems(poverty, disease, and crime)
muckrakers raised attention and STIMULATED the CALLS FOR REFORM
1.2 Reforming Government
progressives don't always agree with each other
1.2.1 Making Government Efficient
making gov. more efficient by. ideas of business
"scientific method" optimized productivity and provided more job
corruption in municipal government
mayor choose the head of city department
jobs are given to supporters or friends
heads of department know little about managing
solutions
commission plan
divided gov. into departments
experts controlling each department
council-manager system
let the city council chose the managing to run the city
1.2.2 Democratic Reforms
focusing on more democratic and responsible gov.
Republican governor Robert M. La Follette
condemned the way of running conventions
party bosses control the selection of delegates and nomination candidates
direct primary-all members can vote for the candidate
forcing the legislators to listen to the voters
The initiative
citizens and introduce new legislatures, but requires voting
The referendum
allow citizens to vote on proposed laws
The recall
citizens can demand a election to remove an elected official from office
Direct Election of Senators
2 senators per state
depends on political machines and businesses
direct-election amendment-allow state voters to vote
stopped the corruption
1.3 Suffrage
suffrage-rights to vote
women progressives aiming women rights to vote
1.3.1 Early Problems
Women wanted rights but the republicans refused
2 groups: one New York Based, One Boston Based
New York: focusing on passing a constitutional amendment
Boston: focusing on on convincing state governments
split weakened the movements
1.3.2 Building Support
1890, two grouped became one, National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
women became launching movements
Alice Paul, want to launch protests, failed
1915, Carrie Chapman Catt, leader
defeat two antisuffrage senators
amendment passed by the senate
Nineteenth Amendment, permitted women the right to vote
1.4 Reforming Society
social-welfare progressives, pushed for charities and new laws
1.4.1 Child Labor
social progressives always against child labor
Muckraker John Spargo, wrote books about the condition of children
convinced the gov. to set the minimum age and maximum hours
1.4.2 Health and Safety Codes
laborers injured or killed on work--->little or no compensation
progressives&union leaders pressured the states for compensation laws
cases supported the advocate
limited hours
zoning laws: divided a town or city into zones for commercial, residential, or other development
building codes, health codes
1.4.3 The Prohibition Movement
drinking alcohol causing social problems
temperance movement-advocate people to stop or limit drinking
led to prohibition laws of alcohol
limited the manufacture, sale, and consumption of alcohol.
1.4.4 Progressives Versus Big Business
big business needed regulation
Sherman Antitrust Act-believing gov. should break down corporations
socialism— government should own and operate industry
progressives want gov. to buy companies
HOWEVER, most Americans including progressives believed that FREE ENTERPRISE is SUPERIOR
Roosevelt and Taft
2.1 Roosevelt Revives the Presidency
Roosevelt: social darwinist, progressive
reform: Square Deal
inconsistent to believe two things
2.1.1 Roosevelt Takes on the Trusts
Roosevelt believe trusts and corporation make business efficient
concerned with corporations abusing its power
Northern Securities, J. P. Morgan’s railroad holding company
merge companies, created a monopoly
Farmers and business owners feared of the raise rates
1902, Roosevelt charged the company under the Sherman Antitrust Act
Supreme Court, Northern Securities violated the act
Roosevelt's popularity soared as the trustbuster
2.1.2 The Coal Strike of 1902
United Mine Workers (UMW), anthracite miners, launched a strike
better pay, reduce work hours, union recognition
coal's price rose
strike is long, cause many problems, e.g. coal shortage
Roosevelt ordered an arbitration- third party negotiation
Roosevelt became the peace maker
2.1.3 Regulating Big Business
Roosevelt believed most trusts benefits
new federal agency was created to investigate corporations and publicize the results
1903, Department of Commerce and Labor was created
meeting between Roosevelt and company leaders
feared of antitrust lawsuits
“gentlemen’s agreement”
company: have account books to records for examination
gov.: discuss problems privately to not hurt the economy
1906, Hepburn Act
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC): set railroad rates
limited competition of railroads
ICC became a supporter of railroad industry
1920, set rates at levels for profits
2.1.4 Consumer Protection
Samuel Hopkins Adams, journalist
articles about medicine that cures every ill
"medicine": harmful food/drugs
may cause health problems
Dr. W. H. Wiley, head of the Agriculture department
“embalmed meat”: dangerous preservatives used in food
1906, Meat Inspection Act
federal need to inspect imports of food
Agriculture Department standards cleanliness of food
1906, Pure Food and Drug Act
prohibited the manufacture and shipment of impure or falsely labeled food and drugs
2.2 Conservation
Roosevelt focused on environmental conservation
valued the country’s minerals, animals, and rugged terrain
believed that conservations manage to natural resources
2.2.1 Western Land Development
Western states: scarcity of water
1902, Newlands Reclamation Act: authorized using federal funds for public land sales for irrigation and land development projects
2.2.2 Gifford Pinchot
saving timber source in the West
Gifford Pinchot, head of United States Forest Service, Roosevelt's friend
both of them believe experts should be applied on conservations
rejected laissez-faire: sell land to lumber companies
department passed regulations for protection
protected forests, established national parks and wild animal reservations
2.2.3 Roosevelt’s Legacy
“bully pulpit”-views of progressives expressed by the power of the House
more people came to the gov. to solve economic and social problems
due to Roosevelt's actions, the executive branch increased its power
2.3 Taft’s Reforms
Roosevelt leave William Howard Taft to continue his policies
2.3.1 The Payne-Aldrich Tariff
Taft wanted to limit the tariff
divided the Republican party--->reduction collapsed
signed the Payne-Aldrich Tariff: lowered the tariff hardly
progressives were outraged
2.3.2 Ballinger Versus Pinchot
Ballinger-Pinchot controversy destroyed Taft's reputation
Taft replaced Roosevelt's secretary with Richard A. Ballinger
Richard A. Ballinger: conservative corporate lawyer
Ballinger was suspicious of using public land for private business
Pinchot charged Ballinger for using public land for private
charged was concerned groundless
Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination-disobedience to authority
1910, Democrats won the House
2.3.3 Taft’s Achievements
strong opponent of monopoly: brought antitrust cases
Children’s Bureau: investigate and publicize the problems of child labor
conservationist: established the Bureau of Mines, expanded parks, protected the watersource
Roosevelt believed Taft's acts on trust weren't benefiting---->publicly criticized Taft
Roosevelt broke with Taft
Roosevelt replaced Taft for the Republican nominee
The Wilson Years
3.1 The Election of 1912
election of 1912: determined the future of progressivism
3.1.1 Picking the Candidates
at first, Roosevelt nominated for Republican
came out that Taft delegates controlled the nomination->Roosevelt left
Roosevelt formed the Progressive Party
election between: Roosevelt and the Democrat Woodrow Wilson
Wilson: pushed progressive reforms
3.1.2 Wilson Versus Roosevelt
Wilson and Roosevelt: progressives with different aproaches
Roosevelt, New Nationalism: accept trust but with regulations; supported protection of women and children; supported worker compensation
Wilson, New Freedom: monopolies should be destroyed; freedom is more important than efficiency
Republican votes were split
Wilson won
3.2 Wilson’s Reforms
liberty+law
affected tariffs and the bank system
3.2.1 Reforming Tariffs
Wilson lobbied members of the Congress for supporting
believed reduced tariffs benefits everyone
competitions pressure manufactures to make their product and price better
better exports
consumers have better price
1913, Underwood Tarif
lowered tariffs on imported goods
income tax-tax on individual earnings
3.2.2 Reforming the Banks
before: no central bank-->small baks wiped out of unstable economy
1913, Federal Reserve Act
regional banks supervised by Board of Governors
banks keeping a portion of the deposit in the regional banks in case of unanticipated losses
Board indirectly setting interest rates for the nation
3.2.3 Antitrust Action
although Wilson and Roosevelt came to an agreement on trusts
Federal Trade Commission (FTC): investigate companies issue cease orders
issue cease orders to companies engaging in unfair trade practices-actions hurt the competition
Clayton Antitrust Act: outlawed practices that hurt competition
retailers allowed to sell competitor's product with the agreement
no price difference for different customers
corrected deficiencies in the Sherman Antitrust Act
gave unions right to exist
3.2.3 Regulating Business
1916, Keating-Owen Child Labor Act
prohibited children under 14 to work
but the Supreme Court considered it as unconstitutional
Adamson Act: 8 hour work for railroad laborers
Federal Farm Loan Act: provide farmers with loans at low interest rates
3.3 Progressivism’s Legacy and Limits
Wilson expanded the power of the president and the federal gov.
3.3.1 A New Kind of Government
before: gov. not expected to pass laws protecting workers and regulate trusts
after: gov. expected to take a better role
3.3.2 The Limits of Progressivism
failure to address racial and religious discrimination
Niagara Movement: gave full rights to African Americans
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was found
1908, race riots, Springfield, Illinois
progressives calling for change
Jewish
lawyer Sigmund Livingston, Anti- Defamation League (ADL)
removed negative depicts of Jews