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Memory - Coggle Diagram
Memory
What is memory?
Memory is the term given to the structures and processes involved in the storage and subsequent retrieval of information.
“Memory is the means by which we draw on our past experiences in order to use this information in the present’ (Sternberg, 1999).
“Memory is the process of maintaining information over time.” (Matlin, 2005)
Types of long memory
Cohen and Squire (1980) drew a distinction between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. Procedural knowledge involves “knowing how” to do things. It included skills, such as “knowing how” to playing the piano, ride a bike; tie your shoes and other motor skills. It does not involve conscious thought
Whereas, declarative knowledge involves “knowing that”, for example London is the capital of England, zebras are animals, your mums birthday etc. Recalling information from declarative memory involves some degree of conscious effort information is consciously brought to mind and “declared”.
The knowledge that we hold in semantic and episodic memories focuses on “knowing that” something is the case (i.e. declarative). For example, we might have a semantic memory for knowing that Paris is the capital of France, and we might have an episodic memory for knowing that we caught the bus to college today.
One of the earliest and most influential distinctions of long term memory was proposed by Tulving (1972). He proposed a distinction between episodic, semantic and procedural memory.
Semantic memory is a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about the world. This includes knowledge about the meaning of words, as well as general knowledge.
Episodic memory is a part of the long-term memory responsible for storing information about events (i.e. episodes) that we have experienced in our lives. It involves conscious thought and is declarative.
Procedural memory is a part of the long-term memory is responsible for knowing how to do things, i.e. memory of motor skills. It does not involve conscious (i.e. it’s unconscious - automatic) thought and is not declarative
Why is it essential?
Memory is essential to all our lives. Without a memory of the past we cannot operate in the present or think about the future. We would not be able to remember what we did yesterday, what we have done today or what we plan to do tomorrow. Without memory we could not learn anything
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The Multi-Store Model
Many experiments designed to investigate memory have been criticized for having low ecological validity. First, the laboratory is an artificial situation. People are removed from their normal social settings and asked to take part in a psychological experiment.
Sensory memory is the information you get from your sense, your eyes and ears. When attention is paid to something in the environment it is then converted to When attention is paid to something in the environment it is then converted to
short-term memory.
If any information is not important then it decays or disappears. Once in the short term memory informed can be rehearsed and some information is rehearsed and then passed into long term memory.
Working Memory
Part of the consciousness which we are aware of at any given time of the day and cannot be turned off.
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Main Issue
Working memory has a limited duration in capacity and focus
We tend to remember 4 things in the spam of 10 to 20 seconds unless we do something with it, or just process it.
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