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L4: Becoming a World Power (1872–1912) - Coggle Diagram
L4: Becoming a World Power
(1872–1912)
The Imperialist Vision
1.1 Building Support for Imperialism
years following the CW, Americans had little interest in expanding their territory
focusing on their own
1.1.1 A Desire for New Markets
Imperialism-economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker ones
European expansion
European nations were already expanding
EU wants to gain raw materials
Western EU, growth investment opportunities slowed down
investing in Asian countries
exerted control to protect the investment (colony, protectorate)
protectorate- imperial power to protect a country from rebellion or invasion, in exchange of accepting advices for governing
US imperialism
late 1800s
started with more land in the north America
1.1.2 A Feeling of Superiority
social Darwinism supporters believe only the strongest country with survive from the international competition
John Fiske, writer, historian
Anglo-Saxonism - English-speaking nations have a superior character(idea, gov.)
the future of the nation is to expand
Josiah Strong
connected Anglo-Saxonism to Christian missionary ideas
convinced many Christians
1.1.3 Building a Modern Navy
foreign affairs are popular
1888, risking a war to prevent Germany from taking Samoa
1891, Chile mob attacked US sailors--->US threatened for reparation
1895, backing Venezuela against Great Britain
all ended peacefully
risking war to defend US benefits---->need of a powerful navy
Captain Alfred T. Mahan: navy is needed to protect ships and trades
Henry Cabot Lodge and Albert J. Beveridge: pushed the constructing forward
1.2 American Expansion in the Pacific
early days of the republic
sending ships to Asia
1.2.1 Perry Opens Japan
Japan believe too much trading with the west will ruin their culture
1852, President Millard Fillmore forced Japan to trade
Matthew C. Perry: made the expedition to negotiate
Japanese were impressed by the tech and weapons
agreed to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa
Japan developed furthermore after the negotiation
1.2.2 Annexing Hawaii
Hawaii: most important port for refuel and resupply
1872, Hawaii recession
US: afraid Hawaii will turn to EU
free Hawaii sugar tariff
Hawaii grant US the Pearl Harbor
Impact of the treaty
planters got wealthier
planters pressured the King
limited the royal's authority
Queen Liliuokalani had the throne
opposed the US
forced to step down
Cleveland opposed imperialism--->tried to help the queen
Hawaii leaders refuse to restore the queen
United States annexed Hawaii when Cleveland left the office
1.3 Diplomacy in Latin America
aiming Latin America
increase the amount of product
note the EU that the US is with the Latin
James G. Blaine, secretary of the state
make markets
invited the Latin to a conference
Pan-Americanism-work to sustain peace and increase trade
US 2 goals: 1.custom union, turning Latins away from EU 2.common systems for dispute, keeping EU from US affairs
Latin rejected both
Latin stood for "Commercial Bureau of the American Republics"-organization promoting corporation
The Spanish-American War
2.1 The Coming of War
1898, Cuba and Puerto Rico, colonies of Spain
rebelled against the rules
US declared war
2.1.1 The Cuban Rebellion Begins
1868, Cuban rebels declared independence and launched the guerrilla war
the rebels lacked support--->fled into US
José Martí, exiled leader, leading to group to train in US for the invasion
early1890s, US and Cuba tied with sugar businesses
1895, rebels seized control of eastern Cuba
2.1.2 America Supports Cuba
The House declared neutral, but people supported the rebels
Yellow journalism(writing of exaggerated text to attract readers) caused the supporting
Cuban: willing for the US to join
hitting the sugar businesses, hoping the US will join
Americans enraged
2.1.3 Calls for War
1897, McKinley didn't want to intervene
two sides hoping the US can negotiate
Spain offered autonomy-right to have own gov. but only the remained part of the land
cuban rejected
US battleship Maine, on the harbor to evacuate Americans
McKinley was insulted by Spain
Maine exploded
jingiosm-strong nationalism
1898, force was authorized in US
1898, Spain declared war with US
2.2 A War on Two Fronts
US navy. ready
Commodore George Dewey
attacking the Spanish Fleet
2.2.1 The Battle of Manila Bay
Manila Bay, Philippines
Dewey's squadron
quick victory
seized Guam
Emilio Aguinaldo- Filipino revolutionary. leader, launched rebellions
Aguinaldo laughed a rebellion
2.2.2 American Forces in Cuba
Spanish in Cuba: not prepared
US, aiming for the Spanish fleet, defeat the fleet-->no supply-->surrender
US: unprepared, unsanitary camps-->epidemics
"rough riders"-mix of cowboys. miners, officers
El Caney: US victory
Spanish commander panicked-->order the Spanish fleet to leave-->US attacked the fleet
troops surrendered
2.3 An American Empire
Cuba: independence
Spain agrees: annexation of Guam and Puerto Rico
2.3.1 The Debate Over Annexation
supported annexing
economic and military benefits
provided another Pacific base
stopover for China
larger market for American goods
helping “less civilized”people
free the citizens and provide edu
Carnegie: cost of empire > economic benefits
Gompers: more competitions will drive down wages
Addams, Clemens: imperialism violated US principles
McKinley decided to annex the islands
2.3.2 The Platt Amendment
Cuba and US remained tied
Platt Amendment
Cuba: no treaty with nation that would weaken the independence
allow US to buy or lease naval stations
cut debts low to prevent landing troops of others to impose payments
US has to right to protect Cuba and keep order
Cuba became US pretectorate
2.3.3 Governing Puerto Rico
Foraker Act: elected legislature/governor and executive council
US Supreme Court not ruling
Greater self-government
debate on weather it should become a state
2.3.4 Rebellion in the Philippines
Philippine Insurrection- Emilio Aguinaldo his troops attacking US soldiers
Reconcentration camps were created to separate guerrillas and civilians
providing edu., transportation, and health care--->reduced the Filipino hostility
Filipinos governing their country-->permitted to elect their governor-->granted independence 1946
New American Diplomacy
3.1 American Diplomacy in Asia
1899, US became the major power of Asia
trade with China fourfolded
3.1.1 The Open Door Policy
1894, war between China and Japan erupted over Korea
Japan mastered western tech and defeated China easily
Russia was concerned about Japan's Manchurian territory in China
Russia also demanded land in China
"leaseholds" - land of other country govern but still belongs to CH
Sphere of influence-area where a foreigns control economic development
McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay supported the Open Door Policy
Open Door policy-countries were allowed to trade with CH at the time
Open Door policy accepted
3.1.2 The Boxer Rebellion
foreign nations accessing the markets; CH fighting the foreigners
Society of Harmonious Fists, Boxers
destroyed "foreign devils”and the Chinese Christian converts
Boxer Rebellion: foreign embassies were attacked by Boxers
German ambassador was killed--->nations declaring war against CH
John Hay: persuaded EU to not break CH into colonies
Hay retained the economic access of CH
3.2 Roosevelt’s Diplomacy
election of 1900, McKinley won
McKinley was attacked by an anarchist, and died
McKinley's running mate Theodore Roosevelt became the president
in favor of increasing American power internationally
Rossevelt believed US has the duty to shape the“less civilized”corners
3.2.1 Balancing Power in East Asia
prevented businesses monopolize in CH
Rossevelt help to negotiate in the peace conference between Japan and Russia
relationship between US and Japan got worse
agreed to respect each others territory and support CH's independence
3.2.2 The Panama Canal
Rossevelt believe displaying US military force--->prevent nations from war, maintain peace
“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”
constructing the canal: essential to US world power, save time and money for commercial and military shipping
Acquiring the Canal Zone
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty-treaty signed by Britain to allow US to build to canal
a French company helped to build to canal, but failed
French company sold Panama rights to US
because the payment is low, Columbian gov. refused to the offer
Panama Revolts
Panamanians feared losing their financial benefits--->opposed the rules
French company’s agent, Philippe Bunau Varilla and the Panamanian officials decided to make their deal with US
Bunau-Varilla launched a uprising
US vs Bunau-Varilla: recognized Panama’s independence, treaty was signed
3.2.3 The Roosevelt Corollary
early 1900s, arguement on the size of Latin debts on EU banks
US negotiated and pressured on both-->problem solved
Roosevelt Corollary: US may intervene the Latin affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability
goal of corollary: prevent EU to intervene Latin affairs from using the debt problem
3.2.4 Dollar Diplomacy
Roosevelt’s successor, William Howard Taft
Taft focused on industry rather than military forces
dollar diplomacy: believe that if US businessmen support the Latin, all will benefit
US businesses: more profit and trade; Latin: escape poverty and social disorder
Administration officials moving loans of the Latins from EU to US banks (prevent EU to intervene the affairs)
e.g. helping Nicaragua with loans and negotiate with civil movements
3.3 Woodrow Wilson’s Diplomacy in Mexico
Woodrow Wilson, president of 1913: domestic policy, progressive, opposed imperialism, democracy was essential
3.3.1 The Mexican Revolution
Porfirio Díaz Mexico ruler
revolution in Mexico cause by the poverty life of the citizens
Francisco Madero, reformer, supported democracy, led the revolution, UNSKILLED
1913, Victoriano Huerta, took over the power
Wilson passed a new policy: group seizes power in Latin America has to be gov. based
Huerta repulsed Wilson
Wilson started to to be against Huerta
3.3.2 Wilson Sends Troops Into Mexico
American sailors were arrested in Mexico but released soon
US asked for apology, Mexico refused
Wilson see the refuse is a opportunity for overthrow Huerta--->demanded for force
anti-American broke out
Venustiano Carranza, more American-sided, Mexico's president
1916, Pancho Villa and guerrillas attacked a village in Columbus
General John J. Pershing leaded 6000 troops, no success
Wilson recall Pershing’s troops in 1917.