Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

HEPATITIS B, modes of transmission, epidemiology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Consistently present but only limited to particular region
    - - Hepatitis B virus (from family of Hepadnaviridae)
        
        pathophysiology
        
        manifested by
        
        Clinical manifestations
        
        diagnostic test
        
        surgical management
        
        2 more items...
        
        medical management
        
        3 more items...
        
        Liver biopsy
        
        1 more item...
        
        diagnosed by
        
        1 more item...
        
        Blood tests
        
        1 more item...
        
        jaundice
        
        explanation
        
        1 more item...
        
        dark urine (due to jaundice)
        
        clay-coloured stools (due to jaundice)
        
        fever (due to infection)
        
        joint pain
        
        explanation
        
        1 more item...
        
        loss of appetite (due to nausea and vomitting)
        
        nausea and vomitting
        
        The liver also produces a protein called albumin. When production of albumin is impaired, there can be a build-up of fluid or ascites in the stomach, causing pain, nausea/vomiting.
        
        weakness and fatigue (due to nausea and vomitting)
        
        triggered by
        
        Risk factors
        
        6 more items...
        
        Abdominal discomfort
        
        Blood become exposed to HBV
        
        Body mounts a cell-mediated immune response by sending cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells to the virus and release inflammatory cytokines.
        
        As time goes by, hepatocytes are attacked and infiltered by the HBV
        
        When Hepatocytes are continually proliferating, the HBV is constantly being shed into the which contributes to chronic infection. *(6 steps of HBV replication applied) *
        
        1 more item...
    - - Vertical transmission
        
        From pregnant mother to fetus
      - parenteral transmission
        
        Transmission through blood and blood products
        
        unsterile needles
        
        tattooing ear-piercing
        
        needle-stick injuries
        
        acupuncture
      - Sexual transmission
        
        unprotected sex with someone that get infected
        
        semen
        
        vaginal secretions
        
        saliva
        
        blood
- - - - Avoid medication injections. If you inject drugs, stop immediately and enrol in a treatment centre. Never share water, syringes, or needles if you can't stop.
      - If you work in healthcare or public safety, observe standard blood or body fluid precautions and handle sharp objects like needles carefully.
      - If considering in getting a tattoo, getting body pierced, or getting acupuncture, analyze the risks whether the equipment had been thoroughly sterilised?
      - Use latex condoms correctly and consistently if you engage in sexual activity with more than one stable partner to stop the transmission of STDs like HIV and viral hepatitis.
      - Never exchange personal care products that might be contaminated with blood (razors, toothbrushes)
    - - World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that all infants receive the hepatitis B vaccine within 24 hours after birth. timely birth dose reduces mother to child HBV transmission.