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Urban America - Coggle Diagram

- - - - booked passage in steerage
        
        the cheapest accommodations on a steamship
    - - disembarked at Ellis Island
      - a tiny island in New York Harbor
        
        About 12 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1954.
      - doctor for an initial inspection
        
        If failed the check, send back to Europe
    - - settled in the nation’s cities
        
        they also can adjust well if they have skills or money that is market able
      - 1890s, immigrants made up a large percentage of the population of major cities,
      - immigrants lived in ethnic groups (seperated by nations)
        
        spoke native languages, re-created churches, clubs, etc.
        
        how well immigrants adjusted depended how quickly they learned English
    - - between 1865-1914, the news
        
        eastern and southern Europe
        
        reason-American industries had plenty of jobs available.
        
        hope of finding better jobs
        
        escape poverty and the restrictions of social class in Europe
        
        away from Europe’s class system and move to a democratic nation
        
        move up the social ladder.
  - - - causes severe unemployment, poverty, and starvation
        
        reason of China citizens left to United states
        
        Central Pacific Railroad- creates demand for workers, led to further Chinese immigration
        
        Because some is kept out of businesses, so they opened their own, also becoming servants or in skilled trades, or merchants
      - also Taiping 1850 rebellion eruptedChina
    - - as Japan industrialized, economic problems arrived
        
        immigrated to America mainly between 1900-1910
  - - - religious people taking over American government
    - - founding of anti-immigrant organizations
        
        not to hire or vote for Catholics
        
        considered Irish poverty to be the result of laziness, superstition and ignorance
        
        over 1882, the law banned convicts, paupers and mentally disabled from immigrating to United States
        
        expensive tax for newcomer
    - - western part, anti-Chinese sentiment led to racial violence
        
        Denis Kearney, himself a Irishimmigrant organized the Workingman's party of California in 1870s to fight Chinese immigration
        
        pushed to cut off Chinese immigration
        
        1882 congress passed the CHInese Exclusion Act
        
        law barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in country from becoming citizens
        
        in 1906 there is school in San Francisco seperating the native borns and immigrants student
        
        As a result, at last Theodore Roosevelt have a agreement with leaders, Japan to curtail the emigration of Japanese, and so the segregation order is deleted
    - - over 1905 Theodore Roosevelt commissioned a study on how immigrants were admitted to the nation
        
        recommended a English literacy test
        
        passed in 1917, reduce immigration from southeastern European nations
- - - - most immigrants in late 1800s lacked money for buying farm and also education to obtain higher paying jobs
        
        settled in nation growing cities
        
        Rural Americans began moving to cities at the same time
        
        Urban areas affered more and better paying jobs than rural areas
      - City population grew, raised the price of land
        
        Instead spreading lands, build up wards- skyscrapers
        
        1885 in Chicago the first skyscraper
      - Various kinds of mass transit developed
        
        at first all cities relied on horsecar, beginning with San Francisco in 1973, installed cable cars later
        
        in 1887 Frank J. Sprague developed the electric trolley car
        
        Boston built first subway systems
  - - - last half of 1800s, wealthiest families established fashionable districts in heart of city
      - Wealthy women increasing number of servants
    - - Industrialization helped expand middle class
        
        many moved away from central city, escape crime, pollution, also afford larger homes
        
        had at least one servant, give more time to pursue activities outside home
        
        "club women"
    - - Can't purchase home, so spend lives in tenements
        
        apartment buildings
      - rented out precious space to borader for money
    - - White native-born men arned bigher wages than African American men, immigrants, and women
      - some cases, including children need to work to support economy
        
        many of them were not in school
      - when family member physically unable to work, no compensation, rely on other members
  - - - Crime growing, murder and minor criminals increasing
        
        minor criminals- pickpockets, windlers, and thieves
        
        Alcohol contributed to violent crime
    - - Disease and pollution
        
        improper sewage disposal
        
        spreads epidemics
      - a severe problem
    - - Political machine
        
        informal political group to gain and keep power
        
        city grown faster than government
        
        party bosses, ran political machine and provided necessities
        
        Graft and Fraud
        
        party bosses usually also controlled city's finances
        
        many machine politicians grew rich as the result of fraud or graft- gettting money through dishonest or questionable means
        
        George Plunkitt
        
        one of newyork's most powerful party bosses
        
        Tammany Hall
        
        most infamous organization William Boss Tweed
        
        city machines controlled all the city services
        
        leader of the organization never feared arrest, called out supporters