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L3: Urban America (1865–1896) - Coggle Diagram
L3: Urban America (1865–1896)
Immigration
1.1 Europeans Flood Into America
1865-1914: "new immigrants" flood in
working to buy land or to bring one's family in
reasons for immigration
better jobs
escape poverty
class movement
avoid forced military service
forced by high food prices
popultion pressure
religious persecution
easier for Europeans to move
savings are allowed
old laws were repealed: social mobility
1.1.1 The Atlantic Voyage
voyage for immigrants to US
steerage-the cheapest accommodations on a steamship
Ellis Island-island on NY harbor as a immigration processing center
1.1.2 Ellis Island
precessing center
health inspection would be taken
1.1.3 Ethnic Cities
healthy immigrants settled in the nation’s cities
large percentage of immigrants in those cities
cities separated into ethnic groups
they spoke their native languages in the group
adaption: how well immigrants learned English; adapt to the culture; marketing skills
1.2 Asian Immigration
mid-1800s, China
people suffering from severe unemployment, poverty, and famine
Taiping Rebellion
Chinese in US
worked as laborers or servants or in skilled trades or merchants
1900-1920, Japan
economic issue of Japan
immigrants flooding in US
Angel Island was built for Asian immigrants
1.3 Nativism Resurges
feeling for Nativism rose
Nativism- an extreme dis- like of immigrants by native-born people
opposing immigration
religious conflict: Catholics will swamp the Protestants
labor competition: immigrants undermining them because immigrants took every job
1.3.1 Prejudice Against Catholics
anti-immigrant organizations
anti-Catholic organization
vowed not to hire or vote for Catholics.
Irish: suffered from famine, illiterate
working for low paying jobs
some presidents rejected legislations opposing immigration
new federal law against immigrants
banned convicts, paupers, and the mentally disabled for immigration
taxes added on immigrants
1.3.2 Restrictions on Asian Immigration
anti-Chinese sentiment
caused violence
Denis Kearney: Irish immigrant, Workingman’s Party of California, fight CH immigrants
Chinese Exclusion Act: barring Chinese for 10 years; prevent Chinese already in US from becoming citizens
CH immigrants failed to resist
“Oriental School”
segregation school for Asian
international incident: Japan took great offense with the insult
Theodore Roosevelt: negotiated with Japan and US
“Gentleman’s Agreement”: limiting Japanese immigrants <---> rescinding the segregation order
1.3.3 The Literacy Debate
English literacy test for immigrants was recommended
passes by 1917
purpose: reduce immigration from southeastern European nations
Urbanization
2.1 Americans Migrate to the Cities
population growth of immigrants
immigrants lack money for land and education for better jobs
therefore, they settled in the growing cities
rural Americans also moved for better pay
growth of population-->rose of land price
building going up as skyscrapers rather than going outwards
Louis Sullivan: skyscraper contributor
more people moving int he city--->better transportation
horsecar-->urban transport
cable cars: pulling tracks underground
electric trolley car
congestion
elevated railroad
subway systems
2.2 Separation by Class
definite boundaries between the wealthy and the workers in a town
2.2.1 High Society
last half of the 1800s
fashion was developed in the wealthy
people can choose the housing style
larger homes
rich women: servants, such as cooks, maids, butlers, coachmen, nannies, and chauffeurs
more money on social activities
2.2.2 Middle-Class Gentility
industrialization expanded the middle class
doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers, social workers, architects, and teachers
some escape the crime and pollution and took advantage on the commuter rail lines
"Women's Club":entertainments (charitable and reform activities)
2.2.3 The Working Class
living in crowed tenements-apartment buildings
bad living condition
2.2.4 The Family Economy
working class: White American have better wages comparing to the none Americans
whole family works in bad condition
Women taking jobs: better edu. better job
most women work for domestic services:long hours, low wages, and social isolation.
people physically enable to work: rely no family or charity
workers maimed or killed on the job: no compensation
2.3 Urban Problems
rapid growth of population made crime, violence, fire, disease, and pollution worse
2.3.1 Crime and Pollution
crime growing in crowded urban living conditions
Major crimes multiplied
contribution of alcohol
“the corruption of the child”- selling alcohol to minors
Disease and pollution
improper disposal triggered epidemics
pollution on the street harmed the environment
2.3.2 Machine Politics
Machine Politics-informal political group to gain and keep political power
appeared because city is growing faster than its government
party bosses-who ran the machine
Graft and Fraud
getting money using a inappropriate way
George Plunkitt-one of the powerful party bosses
accept bribes
Tammany Hall
Tammany hall-New York City Democratic political machine
William “Boss” Tweed, leader, 1860s1870s
controlled every organization of the city, including the police office
never feared
machine opponents-political cartoonist Thomas Nast
machine defender: machine provided necessary services and assimilate the masses of new city dwellers
The Gilded Age
3.1 Social Darwinism
Gilded Age
age of marvels and critics
corruption, poverty, crime, and great disparities in wealth between the rich and the poor
cultural activity
rise of arts
3.1.1 The Idea of Individualism
Individualism-no matter of the origin, any one can rise in the society
Horatio Alger, writer, expressed the idea through books
idea of no matter how many obstacles they faced, success was possible.
3.1.2 Social Darwinism
reinforced the idea of individualism.
Herbert Spencer
British philosopher
applied Darwin's theory of natural selection on human society
explaining that human society has natural selection
only the fittest people survive
paralleled laissez-faire
every choice is on the people not the gov.
John D. Rockefeller insist the growth of economy is a demonstration of social Darwinism
Darwinism and the Church
Christians oppose the theory, because it contradicts the Bible’s account of creation
ministers concluded that the theory is the God’s way of creating the world
e.g. Henry Ward Beecher, “Christian evolutionist”
Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth
Gospel of Wealth
encouraged wealthy Americans to be engaged in philanthropy
creating conditions for the poor to develop
e.g. to build hospitals and schools
3.2 A Changing Culture
late 1800s, great cultural change in entertainment
3.2.1 Realism
began in the 1800s
writing and painting
artists and writers portraying the world realistically
painting with realistic details
writing the way it is
Mark Twain: real name. Samuel Clemens, written a true American novels
3.3. Politics in Washington
President James A. Garfield elected in 1880
“spoils of office”-government jobs given by supporting the current president in the election
President Garfield was shot by a "spoil"
reason: if Vice President Chester A. Arthur was president one can get a job
3.2.2 Popular Culture
The saloon
social gathering
political centers
key figures in political machines.
Amusement Parks and Sports
water slides and railroad rides
Watching professional sports
physical exercise
Vaudeville and Ragtime
African American music
animal acts, acrobats, and dancers
3.3.1 Civil Service Reform
patronage—the power to reward supporters by giving them government jobs
made government inefficient
President Rutherford B. Hayes (1877)
tried to end patronage by firing people who have their job because of patronage
“Stalwarts” (who supported patronage)
Vice President Chester A. Arthur
“Halfbreeds” (who opposed it)
President James Garfield
Pendleton Act- beginning of civil service-->people working in the government based on their qualifications
successful, steadily increased over time.
3.3.2 The Election of 1884
Democratic, Grover Cleveland
have ties with Catholicism, winning the Catholics
won the election
Republican, James G. Blaine
have rumors about accepting bribes
“Mugwumps” - republicans unhappy about Blaine and decided to vote for Cleveland
still people waiting for jobs by supporting
rejected by Cleveland
The Interstate Commerce Commission
concerned with the power of large corporations
corporations were able to pay less for railroads because of the amount of goods transported
only the federal government could regulate interstate commerce
Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act- legislation limited railroad rates
Debating Tariffs
Democrats-cut tariffs
high tariffs: less competition, difficult for farmers to export
Cleveland lowered the tariff-->passed with the democratic House
Republican-controlled Senate rejected the bill
3.3.3 Republicans Regain Power
Republic, presidential candidate, Benjamin Harrison; won the election
The McKinley Tariff
cut tobacco taxes and sugar tariffs but increase with other materials
lowered federal revenue causing a budget deficit
new pension law
greatly increased the deficit.
Republicans controlling both the House and the Congress
The Sherman Antitrust Act
popular pressure
The Sherman Antitrust Act- prohibited any combinations with corporations
just paper works, not reality, and weakened by judicial interpretation
law had little impact