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Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction - Coggle Diagram
Types of Hormonal and Metabolic Dysfunction
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
Diagnostic Criteria
Hypotonicity
Hyponatremia
Decreased urine volume
Highly concentrated urine with a high sodium content
Absence of renal, adrenal, or thyroid abnormalites
Treatment Modalities
Hypertonic intravenous solutions
Medications
Water restriction
Clinical Manifestations
Decreased and concentrated urine output
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, irritability, disorientation, muscle cramps, and weakness
Psychosis, gait disturbances, seizures, and possibly coma
Addison Disease
Diagnostic Criteria
Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
Measurement of depressed serum corticosteroid levels
Treatment Modalities
Isotonic IV fluid replacement
Increased salt intake
If caused by tuberculosis: antibiotics
Clinical Manifestations
When deficient in:
Mineralocorticoids: Dehydration, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypotension, weakness, fatigue, shock
Androgens: Spares axillary and pubic hair in women
Glucocorticoids: Hypoglycemia, weakness, poor stress response, fatigue, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, personality changes
Cushing Syndrome
Diagnostic Criteria
Urine collection
Imaging to locate tumors
Treatment Modalities
Surgery
Radiation
Corticosteroid medications
Clinical Manifestations
Excessive circulating glucose, glucose intolerance, immune/inflammatory response suppression, behavioral changes, and an impaired stress response
Obesity of the trunk, face, and upper back
Osteoporosis
Diabetes Insipidus
Diagnostic Criteria
A recent cranial surgery or head trauma in their medical history
Dehydration
Enlargement of the bladder
Lab measurements of serum solute concentration, ADH levels, and urine-specific gravity
Treatment Modalities
Fluid replenishment
Hypotonic intravenous solution
Antidiuretic
Clinical Manifestations
High urine output and excessive thirst
Serum hyperosmolality and severe dehydration
Shock and death (if untreated)
Hyperthyroidism
Diagnostic Criteria
Family history of autoimmune disease, thyroid disease, or emigration from an iodine-deficient location
Enlarged and slightly firm thyroid gland
Protrusion of the eyes
Measurement of serum-free thyroxine
Increased uptake of radioactive iodine by the thyroid gland
Treatment Modalities
Gland destruction via radioactive iodine
Medications that block thyroid hormone production
Surgical removal
Clinical Manifestations
Enlargement of the thyroid gland
Excessive metabolic rate of the body
Weight loss, agitation, restlessness, sweating, heat intolerance, diarrhea, tachycardia, palpitations, tremors, fine hair, oily skin, irregular menstruation, and weakness
Goiter development
Exophthalmos
Hypothyroidism
Diagnostic Criteria
Patient history and physical examination
Lab studies:
Sensitive TSH assay
Free T4
Total T4
T3 uptake
Thyroid autoantibodies
Antithyroglobulin tests
Treatment Modalities
Normalize TSH, T4, and T3 levels
Thyroid hormone replacement therapy
Levothyroxine
Clinical Manifestations
Fatigue, cold intolerance, weakness, weight gain, dry skin, coarse hair, constipation, lethargy, impaired reproduction, and impaired memory
Goiter development
Myxedema