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LIFE! - Coggle Diagram

- - - - We need glucose for cellular respiration
  - - - Even unicellular organisms rely on this function with their cell membrane
      - Maintaining homeostasis can mean maintaining temperature or certain percent of water concentration
      - Ex. Enzymes typically need a certain pH range to function correctly
  - - - An organism that is made of one cell
    - - An organism that is made of multiple cells
  - - - They basically respond to things around them and environmental factors
  - - - Sometimes, certain things/functions change for the better or worst
        
        This leads to EVOLUTION!
    - - Ex. Giraffes grew longer necks over time due to evolution, they adapted to their environment
    - - Birds of the same genus, yet different species
      - Their beaks have adapted to their usage/environment. Their beaks job improved over evolution
- - - - 6CO2 + 6H2O →(Sunlight) C6H12O6 + 6O2
        
        They go hand in hand with each other!
      - CO2 is the raw material needed to produce glucose and oxygen through photosynthesis
        
        Sugar (Glucose) is the basis of energy in the food web
    - - C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
      - Aerobic cellular respiration
        
        C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Energy
  - - - Monocots and Dicots (Angiosperms)
        
        Monocots
        
        Single cotyledon
        
        Long narrow leaf
        
        Parallel veins
        
        Vascular bundles scattered
        
        Floral parts in multiples of 3
        
        Dicots
        
        Network of veins
        
        Vascular bundles in ring
        
        Broad leaf
        
        Floral parts in multiples of 4 or 5
        
        Two cotyledon
      - A phylogenetic tree showing the evolution of plants through attributes
        
        Algae
        
        Photosynthetic ocean organisms
        
        Colonisation of land
        
        Bryophytes
        
        Non-vascular land plants
        
        Vascular plants
        
        Pteridophytes
        
        Seedless vascular plants
        
        Seedplants
        
        Gymnosperm
        
        pollen and "naked seeds"
        
        Angiosperms
        
        flowers and fruit
    - - Vascular plants
        
        Shoot
        
        Transport of food and water
        
        Reproduction
        
        Photosynthesis
        
        Storage
        
        Root system
        
        Absorption of water and minerals
        
        Transport of food and water
        
        Anchorage
        
        Reproduction
        
        Tissue systems
        
        Dermal tissue system
        
        Protection
        
        Prevention of water loss
        
        Component tissues
        
        Periderm (in older stems and roots)
        
        Epidermis
        
        Vascular tissue system
        
        Transport of food
        
        Transport of water and minerals
        
        Component tissues
        
        Phloem tissue
        
        Xylem tissue
        
        Ground tissue system
        
        Component tissues
        
        Collenchyma tissue
        
        Parenchyma tissue
        
        Sclerenchyma tissue
        
        regeneration
        
        support
        
        food storage
        
        protection
        
        photosynthesis
    - - Upper Epidermis - Single layer of tightly packed cells with a thin waxy coating called a cuticle. The cuticle prevents water loss and creates a physical barrier to protect against insects and microorganisms. These cells do not contain chloroplasts, so the layer is transparent and allows light to pass through.
        
        Lower Epidermis - Single layer of tightly packed cells with a thin waxy coating called a cuticle. The cuticle prevents water loss and creates a physical barrier to protect against insects and microorganisms. This layer contains pores that allow CO2 to enter the leaf and O2 to exit.
        
        Palisade Mesophyll - Elongated and closely packed cells that contain many chloroplasts. This is where the majority of photosynthesis occurs, as it has access to the light.
        
        Spongy Mesophyll - Loosely packed cells with a large amount of airspace surrounding them. This airspace allows for gas exchange to occur between the mesophyll cells and the atmosphere through the pores.
        
        Vein - A bundle of vascular tissue that transports water and nutrients to and from the leaf.
        
        Stoma - plural is stomata. A small opening or pore that allows gas exchange.
        
        Guard Cells - Two kidney shaped cells that control the opening and closing of the stomata.
  - - - Capillary veins switches the O2 in the Alveoli into the blood cells, and brings CO2 from the blood cells into the Alveoli
        
        The human breathes out the CO2
        
        Repeat!
- - - - They are located in damp environments so then their cells can suck up water directly from the environment using osmosis
    - - Phloem
        
        Transports sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant
        
        Sieve tube cells make up the main structure of the phloem
        
        They do not have nucleuses, so that's why they have companion cells that are connected to them. They have a nucleus, and they direct the functions of a sieve tube cell!
        
        They are narrower and have pitted ends resembling 'small sieves'
      - Xylem
        
        Conducts water and dissolved minerals. Together, they are called 'Xylem Sap'.
        
        Moves xylem sap from roots to leaves
        
        Two types of xylem cells
        
        Vessel elements
        
        Only found in angiosperms
        
        Basically a series of tubes stacked from end to end
        
        Some tubes will have porous end plates
        
        Vessel elements are pitted on the side, this allowed xylem sap to move laterally to other elements
        
        Tracheids
        
        Angled ends
        
        Narrower than vessel elements
        
        Found in all vascular plants
        
        Made of dead cells
        
        The walls of these cells become rigid due to deposits of lignin and cellulose. Once the cell walls are fully formed, the cell will die, and becomes a rigid hollow tube. That is why xylem is made of dead cells.
  - - - Carries OXYGENATED blood
      - Carries blood and other components AWAY from the heart
    - - Carries blood and other components TOWARDS from the heart
      - Doesn't have oxygenated blood/waste in blood
    - - Muscle Tissue
        
        Regulates the diameter in blood vessels and in turn, regulates blood pressure
      - Connective Tissue
        
        Adds structure and holds vessels in place
      - Epithelial Tissue
        
        Lines the inside of blood vessels
        
        Prevents blood clots
        
        Plays a part in controlling blood flow
      - Nervous Tissue
        
        Plays a part in dealation and contraction of blood
- - - - Passes/replicates it's own genetic information perfectly (Excluding mutations)
        
        This results in GENETIC CONTINUITY!
        
        Ex. When a cell undergoes mitosis, it makes 2 daughter cells, with the exact same number and type of genes in mother cell
        
        Asexual reproduction will often produce a large number of offspring in a short amount of time
    - - Fragmentation
        
        The body of the parent breaks (fragments) into two or more pieces, with each piece having the ability to generate the missing parts and form a new genetically identical individual. The original parent is lost in the process.
      - Vegetative Propagation
        
        A new, genetically identical plant is formed from a piece of root, stem, or leaves from the parent plant. The parent plant is usually preserved in the process.
        
        The plant will have little seedlings (almost like seeds, but there is no seed), that grow from it's main body and into a new plant
        
        These new plants do not grow from seeds, but instead originate from modified stems that run underground. They are called RHIZOMES! There are also other modified stems such as strawberry stolon's that run above ground.
        
        Potato with 'eyes' that grow new identical potato plants
      - Budding
        
        Mitotic division results in an outgrowth or ‘bud’ on the side of the parent body. The bud continues to grow in size, and eventually separates from the parent. The new individual is genetically identical to the parent, and the parent is preserved.
      - Spores
        
        Spores are reproductive cells that contain identical genetic information to the parent. These sporangia have tough outer cases to protect the genetic material inside. Once released, a sporangium will grow into a new organism if the conditions it lands in are favourable. The parent is preserved in this process.
      - Binary Fission
        
        The parent cell undergoes cell division to create two new genetically identical individuals. The original parent is lost in the process.
  - - - In this type of reproduction, the reproduced offspring ARENT gentically identical to one of the sources, instead from both
        
        Even if 2 offspring have the same parents, they will have differences. This is due to the process of meiosis from which the gametes is formed.
        
        Both sex cells with have a 'haploid' (Single set) amount of chromosomes. When the gametes fuse together, they create a 'zygote' with a diploid (Both sets of chromosomes from both parents) amount of chromosomes.
        
        Without all of these chromosomes, the zygote will not have a complete set of instructions to complete the organism
        
        Ex. In humans, both female and male sex cells have (haploid) 23 chromosomes, when fused together, the zygote has (diploid) 46 chromosomes
    - - Hermaphrodites
        
        Sometimes, an organism can have both male and female gametes, this is called a hermaphrodite
      - Fertilization: Internal (Gametes join inside body)
        
        Advantages
        
        Greater chance of fertilization
        
        Lower number of gametes needed
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Parents must be at same location at same time
        
        Requirements
        
        Mating ritual
        
        Specialized organs
        
        Examples
        
        Birds, Reptiles, Mammals
      - Fertilization: External (Gametes join outside body)
        
        Advantages
        
        Parents do not need to be in the same location at the same ime
        
        Disadvantages
        
        Less chance of fertilization
        
        Requirements
        
        Large amount of gametes
        
        Water
        
        Examples
        
        Frogs
        
        Coral
        
        Sponges
- - - - The taxonomic group of a rank
      - Domain
        
        The most general taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy
        
        Kingdom
        
        Genus
        
        A taxonomic ranking that includes species that are structurally related
        
        Species
        
        A group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes or interbreeding.
        
        Second most general taxonomic rank directly below domains
    - - Carl Linnaeus created a taxonomic system that classifies organisms upon thier own features
      - BI - TWO
        NOMIAL - NAME
        NOMENCLATURE - SYSTEM OF NAMING
        
        Example of the 'two name' system
        
        Scientific: Hydra vulgaris
        
        Hydra - Genus
        
        Vulgaris - Specific Epithet (Species it is referring to)
      - The actual structure of the system
        
        3 Domains
        
        Archaea
        
        Archaea are prokaryotic cells.
        
        They live in 'extreme' environments
        
        Bacteria
        
        They're bacteria that help you digest food, fix nitrogen in soil, make you sick, and even decompose organic material
        
        They are prokaryotes, which means they don't have a nuclear membrane
        
        Eukarya
        
        As the name implies, they're eukaryotes
        
        6 Kingdoms
        
        Eukarya
        
        Fungus
        
        All heterotroph (NO PHOTOSYNTHESIS). Ex. Athletes foot, fungus on your food eating dead skin cells
        
        Most have cell walls of chiton (Carbohydrate)
        
        Most fungi are multicellular but can be unicellular
        
        Plantae
        
        Plants are, for the most part, multicellular. Most have cell walls of cellulose.
        
        Plants are autotroph (YES PHOTOSYNTHESIS). Even carnivorous plants, because they still need to make glucose from sunlight.
        
        Protista
        
        Protista can be autotrophs or heterotroph.
        
        Most protists are unicellular, but they can be multicellular
        
        Extremely diverse, there are prostists that are animal, plant, and fungi like.
        
        Some have cell walls made of cellulose (similar to plants), and some don't have any cell walls
        
        Animalia
        
        Mostly multicellular and heterotroph
        
        Archaea
        
        Acraea
        
        Bacteria
        
        Eubacteria
        
        Phylum
        
        Class
        
        Order
        
        2 more items...
    - - Habitats
        
        Ecosystems/The place where the organism lives (Ex. Desert, Meadow, Woodland, Grassland, Forest, Seashore, Ocean.
      - General Morphology
        
        Basically the shape, anatomy, and their specific structural features
        
        Ex. Morphology of a male shrimp Caprella mutica ^
      - Feeding strategies
        
        Heterotroph - An organism unable to manufacture it's own food. It must intake nutrients from organic substances/sources
        
        Autotroph - An organism that is capable of synthesising it's own nutrients from inorganic substances
      - How many cells is it comprised of?
        
        Unicellular - An organism made of 1 cell
        
        Multicellular - An organism made of 2 or more cells
    - - Another system of classifying animals, helps with showing genetic/ancestorial relationships between organism
      - Structure:
        
        Order
        
        Family
        
        Genus
        
        Species
      - Example: