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Geography - Changing Landscapes - Coggle Diagram
Geography - Changing Landscapes
UK Landscapes
Geoglogy Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks
UK Location
Lowland areas of Southern and central England e.g. Newcastle + Bristol.
Parts of Wales.
Formed
Formed horizontally from pieces of rock loosened by weathering then transported and trapped, being compacted. Contains fossils.
Example
Sandstone + limestone.
Igneous Rocks
UK Location
Mainly upland Scotland.
Lake District in NW England and Northern Ireland.
Formed
From molten rock that has cooled.
2 Types, intrusive (formed inside the earth) + extrusive (formed outside).
Example
Obsidian.
Metamorphic Rocks
UK Location
NW Scotland.
Most Southern part e.g. Plymouth.
Formed
Are crystallise and have '"squashed" texture. Were once igneous or sedimentary.
Rocks when subject to high heat, pressure, hot mineral-rich fluids or a combination, conditions like these found deep within the Earth.
Example
Marble.
Distribution
The most predominant rock type is sedimentary (covering 70% of land), mainly found in the South and South-East, While in the North there is mainly metamorphic and igneous rocks. One exception of the pattern is there are some igneous rocks near Cornwall the most southern point of England..
Coasts
Coastal Processes
Hydraulic Action
Waves crash on cliff + impact compresses air in joints.
Abrasion
Happens when fragments of rocks are picked up by waves and thrown against cliff face.
Solution
Chemical action on rocks by seawater.
Attrition
Rocks are reduced in size as collide with each other,
Weathering
Mechanical (freeze thaw)
Chemical (acid rain)
Biological
Mass Movement
Rock Falls
Slumping
Sliding
Waves
Constructive Waves
Light winds.
Shorter waves.
6-9 Waves per min.
Swash stronger than backwash.
Depostition - wide + shallow beaches.
Destructive Waves
Strong winds.
Tall waves.
11-15 Waves per min.
Backwash stronger than swash.
Erodes - narrow beaches.
Transportation
Traction
Large boulders rolled along the floor.
Saltation
Smaller rocks and pebbles bounce along the floor.
Suspension
Pebbles are being carried by the water as they are small + light.
Solution
Rocks are dissolved and carried by the current/waves.
Geological Structure
Disconcordant Coasts
When bands of resistant and less resistant rock run at right angles to the coastline.
Concordant Coasts
When bands of resistant and less resistant rock run parallel to the coastline.
Coastal Management
Soft Engineering
Involves sustainable methods, natural solutions which aim to reduce rate of coastal erosion.
E.g. managed retreat, dune regeneration, marsh creation, offshore reefs, adding sand.
Hard Engineering
Involves man-made structures methods which aim to halt the process of of coastal erosion.
E.g. sea wall, rip rap (rock armour), groynes, gabioons, revetments.