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Psychology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - a relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, and pointless worry and apprehension.
  - - - a period of extreme fear or discomfort that develops abruptly and reaches a peak within 10 minutes. Its symptoms include accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, choking sensations, hot flashes or chills, dizziness or lightheadedness, fears of losing control or going crazy, and fears of dying
  - - - plays role in contributing to OCD
  - - - (states that can last from a few seconds to several days, during which the individual relives the event and behaves as if the event were occurring at that moment
  - - - is a perceptual experience that occurs in the absence of external stimulation.
    - - are beliefs that are contrary to reality and are firmly held even in the face of contradictory evidence.
  - - - is unable to recall important personal information, usually following an extremely stressful or traumatic experience such as combat, natural disasters, or being the victim of violence.
    - - whereby they suddenly wander away from their home, experience confusion about their identity, and sometimes even adopt a new identity
    - - is characterized by recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both.
    - - People with dissociative identity disorder exhibit two or more separate personalities or identities, each well-defined and distinct from one another.
  - - - (a) deficits in social interaction, (b) deficits in communication, and (c) repetitive patterns of behavior or interests.
- - - - encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words.
    - - encoding of words and their meaning
    - - processing of sounds, specifically words
    - - processing of images
  - - - short-term memory
        
        long-term memory
        
        Info not transferred is lost
        
        Explicit Memory
        
        Episodic
        
        Events & experiences
        
        Semantic
        
        concepts & facts
        
        Implicit memory
        
        Procedural
        
        how to do things
        
        Priming
        
        stimulus exposure
        
        Emotional conditioning
        
        classically conditioned emotional responses
        
        The 3 R's
        
        Recognition
        
        previously learned info
        
        Relearn
        
        learning info you previously knew
        
        Recall
        
        access info without cues
        
        Rehearsal moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
      - storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes.
  - - - the group of neurons that serve as the “physical representation of memory”
    - - : if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function
    - - The main job of the amygdala is to regulate emotions, such as fear and aggression
    - - functions in memory processing
    - - PET scans show data of these parts of the brain being used when recalling information
  - - - cannot remember new information, although you can remember information and events that happened prior to your injury.
    - - loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma.
  - - - Retrieval of old memories
    - - misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories.
    - - false autobiographical memories
    - - memories can fade over time
    - - Old info hinders recall of new info
    - - when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.
  - - - elaborative rehearsal
        
        a technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
    - - you organize information into manageable bits or chunks
- - - - thoughts
        
        Behavior
  - - - makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
    - - cognitive script
        
        set behaviors that feel like a routine
  - - - the words of a given language
    - - set rules to convey the meaning of the lexicon
    - - basic sound unit
    - - the smallest units of language that convey some type of meaning
    - - refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words.
    - - refers to the way words are organized into sentences
    - - an extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule.
  - - - Continue trying different solutions until problem is solved
    - - Step-by-step problem-solving formula
    - - General problem-solving framework
    - - Working by focusing on the end goal first
    - - Stuck in a routine of solving something the same way each time
    - - a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for.
    - - when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem.
  - - - is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.
    - - encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems.
    - - Analytical Intelligence
        
        academic and computation
      - Practical Intelligence
        
        common sense and street smarts
      - Creative Intelligence
        
        imaginative and innovative
    - - the ability to understand the emotions of yourself and others, show empathy, understand social relationships and cues, and regulate your own emotions and respond in culturally appropriate ways
    - - relating to values of different cultures
    - - and describes a score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence.
    - - means that the manner of administration, scoring, and interpretation of results is consistent.
    - - involves giving a test to a large population so data can be collected comparing groups, such as age groups.
    - - Flynn effect
        
        observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last.
    - - a subset of the population that accurately represents the general population.
    - - how data are dispersed in a population and give context to large data sets.
    - - the theory that each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on their genetic makeup.
    - - dysgraphia
        
        Struggle to write legibly
      - dyslexia
        
        exhibits an inability to correctly process letters.
      - Dyscalculia
        
        difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic.
  - - - thinking outside of the box
    - - the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem
- - - - Studied dogs and how we learn
    - - a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism.
    - - a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus.
    - - a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response.
  - - - individuals performing the imitated behavior are called
      - Live
        
        A live model demonstrates a behavior in person
      - Verbal
        
        A verbal instructional model does not perform the behavior, but instead explains or describes the behavior
      - Symbolic
        
        A symbolic model can be fictional characters or real people who demonstrate behaviors in books, movies, television shows, video games, or Internet sources
      - Modeling process
        
        Attention
        
        Process
        
        Retention
        
        remember
        
        Reproduction
        
        try
        
        Motivation
        
        want
      - vicarious reinforcement
        
        More inclined to copy when you see a model gain a reward you want
      - vicarious punishment
        
        Less inclined to do something where the action does not outweigh the consequence
    - - Social Learning theory
  - - - behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated
    - - Positive
        
        a desirable stimulus is added to increase a behavior.
      - Negative
        
        Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
      - Fixed interval
        
        Reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals
      - Variable interval
        
        Reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals
      - Fixed ratio
        
        Reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses
      - Variable ratio
        
        Reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses
      - fixed interval reinforcement schedule
        
        when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.
      - variable interval reinforcement schedule
        
        reinforcement based on varying amounts of time, which are unpredictable.
      - fixed ratio reinforcement schedule
        
        a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded.
      - variable ratio reinforcement schedule
        
        number of responses needed for a reward varies.
    - - Positive
        
        Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
      - Negative
        
        Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
    - - Tested his theories on rats and birds
    - - reward successive approximations of a target behavior.
    - - reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities.
    - - has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer.
    - - When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior,
    - - also referred to as intermittent reinforcement, the person or animal does not get reinforced every time they perform the desired behavior.
    - - The mind simply cannot be known
    - - learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it.
- - - - the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings.
    - - holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors
    - - an attribute of a person and includes personality traits and temperament.
- - - - Cornea
      - Pupil
      - Retina/fovea
      - Optic Nerve
    - - Trichromatic Theory of Color
        
        Different wavelengths of light
      - Opponent-Process Theory
        
        Color is processed in opponent pairs
  - - - Auditory Canal
      - Ear Drum
      - Cochlea
      - Basilar Membrane
      - Sound waves
- - - - Rapid Eye Movement
  - - - Most common Sleep disorder
- - - - involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.
    - - involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.
    - - involves emotions, personality, and social relationships. We refer to these domains throughout the chapter.
  - - - Embryonic stage
        
        Fetal stage
        
        Infant
        
        Adolescence
        
        Adulthood
  - - - concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.
      - assimilation
        
        is when they take in information that is comparable to what they already know.
      - Accommodation
        
        describes when they change their schemata based on new information.
    - - Sensorimotor
        
        World experienced through senses and actions
      - Preoperational
        
        Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning
      - Concrete operational
        
        Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations
      - Formal operational
        
        Formal operations
        Utilize abstract reasoning
- - - - Anorexia Nervosa
        
        maintaining a below average weight
      - Bulimia Nervosa
      - Distorted Body Image
      - Obesity
        
        Adult BMI over 30
      - Morbid Obesity
        
        Adult BMI over 40
      - Binge eating disorder
  - - - expressions influence emotions
- - - - Alleles
        
        Dominant
        
        Recessive
  - - - Brain and Spinal Cord
    - - Somatic Nervous System
      - Autonomic Nervous System
  - - - Pituitary
- - - - Compulsive pattern of negative drug use
    - - Changes sensory and perceptual experiences
- - - - Two Hemispheres that control opposite sides of the body
    - - Awakeness, Arousal
    - - Fine muscle movement
    - - Mood, Emotion, food cravings etc.
    - - Tempral
        
        Hearing
      - Occipital Lobe
        
        Vision
      - Frontal Cortex
        
        Motor Movements