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Core 1- Research Methodology - Coggle Diagram
Core 1- Research Methodology
The Purpose of
Research
Advancing Knowledge
knowledge is one of the most important things in life, as humans, as it is what allows for mankind to move forward, evolve, innovate, survive and so on.
Increase Understanding
much like to advance knowledge, to increase one's understanding of something in the world around them allows for ease of living as
there will be no struggle between doing something, and understanding why or how it is done
Educate Others
what, where, when, why or how.
find out new information and to increase our knowledge and understanding about a topic, phenomenon or experience. opportunity to use information in education programs.
Inform Practice
with further research and understanding of the individual's practices they are more sure themselves and are then able to ensure others of their practice's legitimacy or purpose
understand variations in the community so we can make informed decisions
The Focus of
Research
Research Questions
if the researcher is trying to develop a question to research, they will develop a simple phrased query, which the researcher then attempts to answer by using the data they find.
research questions
ask whether
a relationship exists between variables in a particular population.
similar to this are research problem statements, which present ideas, issues or situations that the researcher intends to examine in their study.
Hypothesis
a hypothesis
stipulates or predicts
that a relationship among or between at least two variables in a given population exists.
the advantage of a hypothesis over a research question is that the hypothesis puts the question into a form that can be tested.
a clearly stated research question or hypothesis can also keep research on track when multiple researchers are working together
Research Methods
questionnaires
: a form of survey that consists of a number of questions, designed to gather information from responses. open and closed questions.
interviews
: structured- same questions, similar conditions, same style of communication for each person. unstructured- open-ended.
case studies
: a written summary of a real-life case that is based on gathered data over a couple of weeks, months, or years.
observations
: a method used by researchers to witness and record what is seen or heard.
literature reviews
: a study of published research in a particular subject area.
Ethical Behaviour
Integrity:
the researcher myst be honest, document the data accurately and truthfully.
the researcher is accountable for undertaking and presenting research without changing, modifying or suppressing material.
the data should be be presented without bias or distortion. if bias occurs this needs to be mentioned when interpreting the data.
Privacy:
the right to privacy must be considered to protect the confidentiality and anonymity of those involved.
ask permission to carry out research.
ensure data is not revealed to others.
process raw data so personal information is not included in reports.
carefully store data during research process and get rid of it after.
Bias:
bias an occur when the researcher or data are influenced in favour of one point of view or angle.
leading questions
choosing a sampling method that does not reflect the age, gender or culture of the population.
recording data that supports your hypothesis rather than being objective
Respect:
volunteer participants and individuals have the right to be respected.
word your questions carefully so to not be too personal or cause offence.
participant consent.
be aware of the physical, emotional and social wellbeing of the person
Data
Types of Data
primary
: collected first hand by researcher
secondary
: collected and gathered by someone else
qualitative
: subjective data that comes from the collection of facts and information regarding people's beliefs, feelings, attitudes and opinions.
quantitative
: collecting facts in the form of numbers, analysed during counting, measuring, and graphing.
Sources of Data
individuals and groups
: teachers, family, organisations.
risk of bias, may not reflect wider population, time consuming, responses may be misinterpreted.
print and digital
: newspapers, magazines, social media, online journals.
info may be outdated, may be unintentionally misleading, differences in terminology at different times.
Reliability and Validity
reliability
: consistency of measurement.
research should be conducted under similar conditions and with the same subjects, so the researcher will gain similar results.
validity
: the accuracy of measurement.
accurately reflects what it is intended to measure.
use a variety of research methods, choose an appropriate sample group, select a large sample size, and use a combination of sampling methods.
Sampling
Methods
random
: a process used to select people randomly from the population, ensuring each person in the group has an equal chance of selection.
systematic
: a systematic random sample involves picking the first variable at random and then using a formula to pick every one after that.
stratified
: researchers divide the population into specific layers (stratas), then people are randomly selected from each strata. = equitable representation.
cluster
: researchers pick people at random from clusters fo the total population. makes it simple, not fair or balance.
convenience
: people selected based on the ease of locations (friends/family). most unreliable, usually biased.
Sample Group
a group of respondents or participants selected from a large population for the purpose of conducting a survey, observation or case study.
intend to represent the ideas or characteristics of the whole population.
should choose the sample group best suited to their research question.
Sample Size
refers to the number of participants that are actually selected for the research study.
researchers determine how many people they need to interview, survey or gather information from according to the hypothesis or question.
the more diverse or large the sample size is, the more accurate the results are.