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TUBERCULOSIS - Coggle Diagram
TUBERCULOSIS
Properties
Family- Mycobacteria
Gram +
aerobic
rod-shaped bacilli
acid fast bacteria
lack spore & flagellum
slow growth
high cell wall content- high molecular weight lipids
Virulence Factor
Cord factor
Surface glycolipids
Infiltration of non-activated macrophages
Multi-drug resistance
Phthiocerol Dimycocerosates(PDIMs)
Phenolic Glycolipids(PGLs)
Route of Transmission
air
inhale droplet contain M.tuberculosis
cough
sneeze
shout
sing
Clinical diagnosis
Signs & Symptoms
Pulmonary
Sputum
Dyspnea
Cough
Pleuritic chest pain
General
Weight loss
Fever
Enlarged lymph nodes
Lethargy
Night sweats
Other systems
Abdominal pain
Joint pain
Bloating
Headache
Medical History
Past Medical History
Vaccine : BCG/Scar of vaccine
HIV
Drug History
Immunosuppressive Medication: Steroids
Social History
Alcohol & drugs
Travel history
Occupation
TB contact
Physical Examination
General Examination
Cachexia
Peripheral Examination
Upper Limb
Tachycardia
Head & Neck
Palpable cervical lymph nodes (scrofula)
Palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes
Pallor
Auscultation
Decrease breath sound
Crackles over apex
Rhonci
TB skin test (TST)
Treatment
Rifampicin
Pyrazinamide
Isoniazid
Ethambutol
Preventive measures
BCG vaccination
Treat latent infection before it becomes active
Use germicidal ultraviolet lamps
Use directly observed therapy
Improve ventilation in indoor spaces
Pathogens
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Pathogenesis
Infected person coughs and expels TB bacteria into the air
Person breathes in air droplets that contain Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Travel along the lungs to the alveolar sacs
Macrophages start to surround the bacteria by phagocytosis
A granuloma formed to prevent the bacteria from spreading
Mycobacterium tuberculosis prevents the formation of phagolysosomes
Continues to proliferate and creates a localized infection
Central caseous necrosis occurs (Ghon’s focus)
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Reactivation of bacteria (if the person’s immunity is compromised)
Memory T-cells release cytokines
Form more areas of caseous necrosis
Cavitation of lung tissue
Further allows the bacteria to spread to other organs
Result in positive TB infection (in 8-10 weeks)