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L6: World War I and Its Aftermath (1914 –1920) - Coggle Diagram
L6: World War I and Its Aftermath (1914 –1920)
The United States Enters World War I
1.1 World War I Begins
1914, tension of the EU rose
1.1.1 Militarism and Alliances
German Empire
1871, the birth of German Empire
Germany industrialized quickly and became a strong nation
1870, defeated France and took territory (part of the plan)
1864, German kingdom of Prussia launched wars to unite Germany
Triple Alliance to protect itself: Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary
Russia
Russia feared Germany to expand eastward
Franco-Russian Alliance: Russia and France opposing the Triple Alliance
German built strong navy--->threatened Britain
Britain and Germany on an arm race for navy--->convince Britain to join the R&F
Triple Entente: Russia, France, and Britain in relationship against the Triple Alliance
1.1.2 Imperialism and Nationalism
nationalism-feeling of pride for one's homeland
nationalism: why EU view others like competitors
self-determination: people who share a national identity should have their own country and government
Balkans: ruled by Ottoman Empire and Austro-Hungarian Empire
Imperialism- a country increases its power and wealth by controlling others
imperialism: EU countries building empires
South Slavs, or Yugoslavs: see others as one
Serbs of the Slavs became independence and wanted to unite the South Slavs
Russia supports the Serbs; Hungary oppose them
1908, Hungary's annexation of Bosnia: show the Slavic Hungary doesn't want them to be independent
1.1.3 A Terrorist Attack Brings War
Franz Ferdinand, heir of the Austro Hungarian, shot by a Serbian nationalist
The Alliances Are Triggered
Hungarian gov. wanted to crush the Serbia
Hungarians asked the Germans for help in case of Russians
1914, Hungary declared war on Serbia
Russian troops on Germany's border
Germany declared war on Russia and France--->WWI STARTED
Germany’s Plan Fails
Germany: hope to knock France down to fight the Russian
German's plan need to brake neutral position of Belgium--->when German got to the frontier, Britain declared war
Allies: France, Russia, Britain, Italy VS. Central Powers: Germany, Hungary, Ottoman, Bulgaria
Germany drove many France and Britain, BUT Russian troops invaded Germany
Central Powers succeeded in the east to stop Russian troops
1.2 America Declares War
1.2.1 Americans Take Sides
most Americans favored Britain
reason of favoring: heritage, language, and political ideals
Debate: whether to prepare for war?
Yes: make sure US wasn't dragged into the war; in case of US would be in
No: Carrie Chapman Catt, Jane Addams founded the Women’s Peace Party; kept out by urging the gov. not to build up millitary
Government Officials Back Britain
Ambassadors and military leaders back up Britain
British officials making propaganda-information intended to influence opinion
cutting the transatlantic telegraph cable
British cut the cable of US and EU
All war info came from Britain
Walter Hines Page, American ambassador to Britain, support the reports
Business Supports Britain
bank invested for Allied victory
loans passed by William McAdoo, pro-British
1.2.2 Moving Toward War
German Submarines Go Into Action
British blockade merchant ships to Germany
ships forced to stop at Britain for inspection of contraband-goods prohibited to Germany and its allies
German intended to stop the food/equipment shipping of GB
Deployed submarines (U-boats) to sink any ship around BG
The Germans Sink the Lusitania
Lusitania: passenger ship with Americans
Lusitania attacked by U-boats
Wilson warned German to stop endangering lives
Another French passenger ship was attacked
Germany agreed not to attack some ships without warning
Sussex Pledge-met policies of both and kept US from war
Wilson won for the election of 1916
1.2.3 The United States Declares War
Arthur Zimmermann, German official, contacted Mexico to join
German promised to give back Texas to Mexico after the war
British heard of the news from the Zimmermann telegram
British reported it to US
more American ships were sunk by U-Boats
US DECLARED WAR ON GERMANY
The Home Front
2.1 Organizing the Economy
progressives applied scientific ideas to organize the war effort
2.1.1 Wartime Agencies
new agencies: relationship of gov. and businesses
2.1.1.1 Managing the Economy
1917, War Industries Board (WIB)
coordinate the production of war materials
run by Bernard Baruch
power expanded by problems of production
Food Administration, Herbert Hoover
increase food production for troop
reduce consumption of citizens
using slogans
encourage people to save food and grow food in victory gardens
Fuel Administration, Harry Garfield
organize the use of coal and oil
day-light saving
heatless Mondays
2.1.1.2 Paying for the War
raise taxes
borrowed money from Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds
citizens who lend money will be repaid after
2.1.2 Mobilizing the Workforce
National War Labor Board
prevent strikes
pressured factories to satisfy workers <--> labor leaders agreed not to launch strikes
William Howard Taft, Frank Walsh
2.1.2.1 Women Support Industry
factories started to hire women
more women joined, some promoted
end of the war, women returned to original places
showed women were capable of working
2.1.2.2 The Great Migration Begins
companies recruiting African Americans
Great Migration of African Americans into cities
change American politics
2.1.2.3 Mexican Americans Head North
labor shortage-->Mexican Americans moving
providing labor for farmers and ranchers
faced discrimination
2.1.3 Shaping Public Opinion
2.1.3.1 Selling the War
Committee on Public Information: use ads to sway public opinion of the war
Headed by George Creel, a journalist
Four-minute speeches and Four-Minute Men for contribution
2.1.3.2 Civil Liberties Curtailed
limit opposition
espionage-spying to get government info
Espionage Act: ILLEGAL to aid enemy, report falsely, affect war effort
Sedition Act: ILLEGAL to speak publicly against war
American Protective League, Boy Spies of America: groups of citizens spying on each other
2.2 Building the Military
progressives ideas applied on recruiting the army
2.2.1 Volunteers and Conscripts
more troops were needed
2.2.1.1 Selective Service
conscription-forced military service
conscription violated democracy and republican rules
Selective Service Act: requiring all men from 21 to 30 to register for war
Selective Service would choose who will be attempting ultimately be random lottery
2.2.1.2 Volunteers for War
reason for volunteering: fight for their country, fight against atrocities, fight for democracy
disease and war killed a lot of troops
2.2.1.3 African Americans in the War
African American soldier were discriminated
segregated in the camp and the frontline
2.2.2 Women Join the Military
women served as clerical workers
Army Nursing Corps: serve as nurses in both navy and army
A Bloody Conflict
3.1 Combat in World War I
3.1.1 Trench Warfare
troops digging trenches
using machine guns to attack
no-man’s-land- space between the trenches of both sides
barbed wires were built to prevent the enemy to cross the no-man’s-land
attacking: soldier racing out; defend: in trenches using machine guns
3.1.2 New Technology
developed poison gases and face masks
armored tank: to crush barbed wire and cross trenches.
Zeppelins and aircrafts
3.2 The Americans Arrive
3.2.1 Winning the War at Sea
convoys, Admiral William S. Sims.
convoys: put merchant ships and warships together to cross
no American warships sunk
3.2.2 Russia Leaves the War
Russia quit due to civil war
Bolshevik Party overthrew the temporary gov.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: signed by R and G, territory was given
3.2.3 Americans Enter Combat
General John J. Pershing promised to preserve French land
France help US with the revolution
French and British commanders wanted to integrate the army under their command
Pershing refused to integrate with Wilson's support
3.2.3.1 Germany’s Last Offensive
1918, Germans attacked the western front line
May 1918, Americans took the village of Cantigny
Germans attempt to take over Paris, but failed
3.2.3.2 The Battle of the Argonne Forest
French Marshal Ferdinand Foch ordered counterattacks
Pershing offensive at Meuse River and the Argonne Forest
Germans fell and retreated
3.2.4 American Heroes
Alvin York
grew up in poor mountains and learned how to shoot while hunting
initially avoided the war as an objector-a person who refuses to obey the law because of his moral or religious beliefs.
killed many Germans, won prizes
Eddie Rickenbacker
top American combat pilot
3.2.5 The War Ends
Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia: declared independence
Austro-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire: surrendered
sailor of German fleet mutinied and captured German town
German Emperor stepped down, Germany became republic
German gov.signed the armistice—a truce, or agreement to stop fighting
3.3 A Flawed Peace
Treaty of Versailles-peace treaty
participants: "Big Four"
3.3.1 The Fourteen Points
1919, Wilson, Peace Plan, The Fourteen Points
free trade, freedom of the seas, disarmament, an impartial adjustment of colonial claims, and open diplomacy
national self-determination--nations' borders should be based on ethnic or identical groups
League of Nations: preserve peace, protect territory, political independence
to Wilson: League of Nations>Fourteen Points
3.3.2 The Treaty of Versailles
The Treaty of Versailles: reduced German army force and economic
Germany paid reparations--money for the lost of countries during war
national self-determination: nine countries, one ethnic group
Ottoman Empire divided and under French and British supervision
3.3.3 The U.S. Senate Rejects the Treaty
Republican senates rejected the League of Nations
“Irreconcilables”: oppose under any circumstance
"Reservationists": support under admendments
reservationist: military action by the United States required the approval of Congress
Wilson made speeches to win the public, but the congress still didn't came to agreement
Wilson left the office, different treaties made for each Central Power
The War’s Impact
4.1 An Economy in Turmoil
American Legion: support the soldiers
soldiers found hard to find jobs
businesses raise the price, people buying rationed goods--->inflation
increase on the cost of living: cost for essentials for survival
-->job scarce, economic turmoil
4.1.1 Inflation Leads to Strikes
workers: higher wages due to inflation
businesses: lower wages, inflation->high operating cost
The Seattle General Strike
shipyard workers: higher wages, shorter hours
more unions joined
formed a general strike---strike that involves all workers in a community
workers returned with gains
The Boston Police Strike
1919, policemen striked
governor, Calvin Coolidge, called National Guard
fired striker police and hired new
Coolidge earned public support and became the vice presidential candidate
The Steel Strike
steelworkers: higher pay, shorter hours, recognization of unions
steelworkers, mostly immigrants
anti-immigrants
hired African Americans and Mexicans for replacement
4.1.2 Racial Unrest
soldiers feel African Americans were taking their jobs
race riots broke
African American leader James Weldon Johnson: "red summer"
Chicago, AA and whites throwing stones at each other
AA and whites attacking each others neighborhoods
National Guards were called to impose order
4.2 The Red Scare
immigrants were condemned of bringing radical socialist and communist ideas
people were concerned about strikes leading to revolution
bombs sent to prominent Americans
bombs outraged Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer
4.2.1 The Palmer Raids
Palmer establish General Intelligence Division(became Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI))
headed by J. Edgar Hoover
targeted foreigners: raids on Union of Russian Workers, foreigners deported
headquarters of various radical organizations: raids, people deported, arrested
passed sedition law: prohibited to support revolution
Red Scarce impact the attitude toward immigrants
4.2.2 The Election of 1920
running mate Franklin D. Roosevelt: progressive ideas
candidate, Warren G. Harding: return to society before progressivism
Hardling won