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Limiting & Preventing the Spread of Infectious Diseases - Coggle…
Limiting & Preventing the Spread of Infectious Diseases
Key Considerations
Global Populations continues to increase
Ease of travel
local
regional
global
Integrated free-trade agricultural market
Favouring the spread through
Environmental change & agricultural development
Providing ease of dissemination of organisms and resistance
Breakdown of public health programs
Alterations in human behaviour
Hygiene Practices
Communal
performed at local level
minimise disease spread
examples
water purification
filtration
chlorination or boiling
sewerage infrastructure
Definition
Set of practices
To minimise spread of pathogens
To maintain good health
Personal
practices an individual performs
minimise the risk of infection
Examples
Frequent bathing
Handwashing with soap & water
correct respiratory hygiene
Food
prevent food poisoning
examples
separating raw and cooked foods
cooking foods with an:
appropriate time
appropriate temperature
store food at recommended temp.
using clean water for cooking
Hygiene practices kill pathogens
reduced risk of transfer
reduced incidence of disease
Quarantine
strict isolation
prevent spread of disease
prevent unwanted animals or plants
Prevents Entry By:
Inspection
Regulation
Restriction of Movement
Enforced destruction of organisms
Vaccination
Definition
Making people resistant to infection
very effective
preventing future infections
Active Immunity
Vaccine
provides initial exposure with:
inactivated version of pathogen
examples
poliovirus (PV)
rabies
hepatitis A virus vaccines
live-attenuated pathogen
examples
rubella (MMR)
measles
mumps
chickenpox vaccines
no symptoms of disease
leads to production of antibodies
T & B memory cells specific to that antigen
long-term protection
Passive Immunity
involves injection of antibodies
antibodies are produced in
then isolated from another organisms
no memory cells are produced
short-term protection
by passes immune system
provides immediate protection
example
Tetanus virus
Public Health Campaigns
effort to persuade the community
to engage in behaviours
improve health
refraining from unhealthy behaviours
Examples
Grim Reaper campaign against HIV/AIDS
1987 Australian TV commercial
aimed at raising public awareness
dangers of HIV/AIDS
result
phenomenal marketing success
incidence of new cases dropped
in the decade after
post campaign
incidence of HIV/AIDS in Australia
relatively stable
health authorities worried
individuals may become too relaxed
rates may increase
HPV Vaccination
Common virus affecting both genders
spread through sexual contact
Extensive trials demonstrated
HPV vaccine
significantly reduces risk of cervical cancer
for young women
result
free National HPV Vaccination program
introduced in 2007 for females
2013, boys were included in
free school-based vaccination program
Whooping Cough Vaccination
life-threatening infection in babies
caused by
Bordetella pertussis
Babies receive vaccine by 6 weeks of age
as a result
pregnant women encouraged to receive vaccine
during 3rd trimester
protect both them and unborn baby
unborn baby receives antibodies
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to further reduce incidence
school-based immunisation program
for 12 yr olds
Use of Pesticides
chemicals used to prevent spread of:
infectious animal & plant pathogens
insect vectors
Chemicals
Organochlorines
Organophosphates
main class of pesticides
used in Australia
work by disrupting neurological system of insects
carbamates
pyrethroids
Example
Insecticide Control of Malaria Vector
12 insecticides belonging to one of 4 chemicals
currently used
control of female anopheles mosquito
malaria vector
rapid generation turnover
pathogen & insect resistance
led to widespread pesticide resistance
Genetic Engineering
involves modification of an organism's genome
e.g. insertion of transgene.
desired outcome
altered phenotype
particularly valuable in agriculture
due to growing resistance of pathogen and insect vectors
to current pesticides
Examples
Aedes aegypti
mosquito
pharmaceutical company Oxitec
plans to inject lethal genes
into eggs of captive females
release only genetically modified males
from the batch of eggs
offspring of these male and wild females
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main vector of Zika virus
mosquito-borne illness
causes severe birth defects in babies
born to infected mothers
Bt cotton
has a gene from a soil bacteria
Bacillus thuringiensis
(Bt)
inserted into its genome
gene produces a protein
kills insects
any insect that ingest the toxin
will die
transgenic
example process
Bt produces natural insecticide protein
gene responsible for protein is extracted
Agrobacterium
(natural plant pathogen)
Agrobacterium infects cotton seedlings
Cotton seedlings express Bt insecticide protein
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