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Forest Products & Utilization - Coggle Diagram
Forest Products & Utilization
LUMBER
Softwood Lumber
terms
board (term)
indicates lumber
51 mm (2 in) thick
dimension (term)
50-125 MM (2-5 in) thick
timber (term)
125 mm (5 in) or thicker
used for
construction mat
structural members
decorative finishing
paneling
siding
decking
exterior trim mat.
windows
doors
export
Hardwood Lumber
dimension (term)
mat. cut to size
high grade
furniture
flooring
millwork
cabinets
case goods
export
low grade
pallet
container manufacture
industrial applications
LOG PROCESSING
LOGS
Debarking
Primary breakdown
(Headsawing)
Edging
Remanufacturing
Trimming
Sorting
Stacking
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cutting to
length
aka
Cross cutting
cut across the grain
at end of board
square & parallel
to each other
long boards
cut into 2 or more
pieced suitable for
commercial length
to eliminate defects &
render more valuable grade
Resawing
reduce large size dimension
timber/cant into lumber
recover usable lumber
relieve operation
of headrig
used saws
sash gang saw
vertical band saw
(pony rigs)
horizontal band saw
aka
Ripping
cutting parallel to grain
done to
cut boards
parallel & square
sides
cut lumber
desired or standard
widths
remove
wavy edges
barks
other defects
Cutting to width
Gang sawing
Gang Headsaw
aka
Frame Saw
straight flat blade
mounted on frame/sash
higher cutting accuracy
than band saw
low labor cost
conversion into
planes
boards
dimensions
Main Objective
max no. of high grade boards
w/ reasonable cost
meets market requirements/demands
Methods of
Headsawing
with respect to
Outer Log Axis
Taper Sawing
sawing parallel
outer log axis
Non-taper sawing
sawing parallel
longitudinal axis
of the log
with respect to
End-Grain Direction
Plain Sawing
aka
flat sawing
tangential sawing
annual rings are parallel to surface
done to breakdown logs w/ interior defects
sawing around the log
parallel to the bark
Quarter Sawing
aka
radial sawing
perpendicular to the surface
produces edge grained lumber
Types of Headsaw
Circular Headsaw
large dia
circular saw mounted
on shaft or mandrel
sub type
Solid Tooth Type
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Inserted Tooth Type
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Band Headsaw
William Newberry
endless serrated steel ribbon
stretched around 2 pulleys
subtypes
vertical band saw
horizontal band saw
band mill
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done prior to sawing
remove bark
decrease dulling
rate of saws
bark is used as energy source
bark free is preferred in
pulp manufacture
Types of Debarkers
ring debarker
cambio debarker
rosserhead debarker
hydraulic debarker
Lumber Manufacturing
conversion:
Log to Lumber
(in simplest form)
processes
sawing boards from logs
squaring edges
cutting to length
Secondary/Supplementary
Operations
Grooving/Woodworking
special machine
produce grooved edges
for pairing purposes
Seasonning
remove/add moisture
drying
natural
lumber kilns
Preservative Treatment
chemical impregnation
improve durability
End Coating
painting ends w/
aluminum