1.Therapeutic Milieu Therapy: pt learn vocational and social skills & how to resolve conflicts in a controlled environment

2. Reality-oriented individual therapy: to reduce anxiety & establish trust through truthfulness and demonstration of respect toward the individual
   3.Group Therapy: social interaction...(for long-term course)
   4.Behaviour Modification Therapy: reduce disturbing, aggressive behaviours
   5.Social Skills Training: to improve social skills by role play with immediate feedback from the therapist
   6.Family therapy: treat the family as a resource, focusing on problem solving and helping behaviours for coping with stress, teach family to reshape patterns of communication and problem solving
   7.Electroconvulsive Therapy(ECT): trigger a brief seizure to cause changes in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse depressive symptoms

1. Convey an accepting attitude by making brief, frequent contacts to establish a therapeutic nurse-patient relationship (TNPR)
   (R) An accepting attitude increases patient's feelings of self-worth and facilitates trust.
2. Show unconditional positive regard.
   (R) This conveys a belief in the patient as a worthwhile human being.
3. Offer to be with the patient during group activities that he/she finds frightening/ difficult.
   (R) The presence of a trusted individual provides emotional security for the patient.
4. Give recognition and positive reinforcement for the pt's voluntary interactions w/ others.
   (R) enhances self-esteem and encourages repetition of acceptable behaviours.

1. Maintain low level of stimuli in pt's environment such as low lighting, few people and low noise level.
   (R) A suspicious, agitated pt may perceive individuals as threatening in a stimulating environment.
2. Observe pt's behaviour frequently while carrying out routine activities.
   (R) observation during routine activities avoids creating suspiciousness of the pt and allows early interventions to ensure the pt and other's safety.
3. Remove all dangerous objects from pt's environment.
   (R) Prevents the pt, in an agitated, confused state, from using them to harm self or others.
4. Maintain a calm attitude and offer empathetic response toward pt with increases anxiety level & offer some alternatives such as punching bag/ physical exercise.
   (R) Give him or her a feeling of some control over the situations.
5. If the pt is not calmed by "talking down" or by medication, use of mechanical restraints only as a last resort.
   (R) The "least restrictive alternative" must be selected when planning interventions for a violent pt who is clearly at risk of ham to self or others.

1. Monitor the client's bowel movements; do not allow impaction撞击 to occur.
   (R) the client's inactivity, decreased food and fluid intake, lack of awareness of personal needs, can cause constipation and can lead to impaction if not monitored.
2. Assist the client as needed to maintain daily functions and adequate personal hygiene.
   (R) the client's sense of dignity and well-being is enhanced if the client is groomed and kempt.
3. Assist the client small amounts of food frequently and do not attempt to hurry the client during feeding.
   (R) Rushing the client will frustrate him or her and make the completing the task impossible.

1. Encourage the client to use written cues such as a calendar, lists, or a notebook.
   (R) Written cues decrease the client's need to recall appointments, activities, and so on from memory.
2. Provide opportunities for reminiscence怀旧 or recall of past events.
   (R) Reminiscence is usually an enjoyable activity for the client to evoke memories and stimulate mental activity.
3. Provide single-step instructions for the client when instructions are needed.
   (R) Clients with memory impairment cannot remember multistep instructions