CHAPTER 7 - Measurement in Management & Scaling Techniques
Basic measurement techniques
norminal
ordinal
ratio
interval
Types of variables
Allows objective and precise measurement
Cannot be accurately measured with an instrument because of its abstract and subjective nature
Operationalizing Concepts/Variables
Operationalizing concepts: Reduction of abstract concepts to observable behavior to render them measurable in a tangible way
Operationalizing is done by looking at the behavioral dimensions, facets, or properties denoted by the concept
Steps in Operationalizing a Concept
Thirst – unidimensional construct using 1 item is enough
Cognition – unidimensional construct requires 34 items to be valid
Aggression – requires 2 dimensions: verbal aggression(shouting) & physical aggression(throwing objects) to be valid
Advanced measurement techniques
comparative scales
non-comparative scales
Q-sort scale
Constant sum scale
Rank order scale
Paired comparison scale
Semantic differential scale
Likert scale
Continuous rating scale
Stapel’s scale
Practical Consideration
Number of scale categories.
Number of items to measure concept.
Odd or even number of categories.
Balanced or unbalanced scale
Forced choice or non-forced choice
Characteristics of Good Measurement
reliability
practicality
validity
Content validity
Face validity
Criterion validity
Construct validity
Test-retest reliability
Parallel-form reliability
Internal consistency of measures
Inter-item consistency reliability
Split-half reliability
the measuring instrument ought to be economical, convenient and interpretable.
some trade-off is needed between ideal research project and that which the budget can afford.
the measuring instrument in order to be interpretable must be supplemented by: (a) a detailed instruction for administrating the test, (b) scoring keys, (c) evidence about the reliability and (d) guides for using the test and for interpreting the results.