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Management of Mangroves, Case study: Sabah (2011) - Coggle Diagram
Management of Mangroves
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Factors to consider
Survival rate of mangrove planting in Sabah have been recorded at the range of 55% -95% depending on:
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- site preparation
- planting techniques
- choice of species
- temporary nursery at planting sites and also to be aware of the problems of goats, pests, diseases and vandalism
2011 – 2014 projection
Sabah Forestry Department and the International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems (ISME) funded by Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance Co Ltd. Japan
rehabilitation project will see collaboration between the two parties in site selection and preparation
choice of species to plant, planting costs and techniques
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Strategies in Sabah
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Examples:
- Kota Kinabalu Wetlands
- Klias Wetlands in Beaufort
- Sulaman Wetlands in Tuaran
- Sepilok Mangrove Discovery Centre in Sandakan
Issues and challenges
uncertainty in the security of the resource (example; encroachment, illegal harvesting for mangrove bark)
competing land-use, and complexity of socio-economic development
resource utilization, funding, and maintaining the health of the mangrove ecosystem.
affected by sea level rise, increased storminess, altered precipitation regime and increasing temperature
Failures
Science based approaches
Benefits are indirect or poorly understood by local residents or they may perceive that they are being excluded from access to previously utilized resources
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science-based approaches use specialist knowledge, are laboratory based or inventory driven, often beyond the capacity of local communities, leaving little opportunity for the active participation and meaningful consultation of local communities during design, planning and implementing processes
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Lack of integration
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large and diverse distributions of stakeholders, less defined systems and functions, overlapping marine and terrestrial areas, with different regulations and jurisdictions, render this integration more difficult
Case study: Sabah (2011)
Major exploitation of mangrove forests in Sabah was carried out in 1970s whereby two Japanese companies, i.e. Jaya Chip Sdn. Bhd. and Syarikat Bakau Sdn. Bhd. were granted special license for chip wood production covering an area of 43,000 ha of mangrove
Ceased in 1986 due to insignificant income to the State’s revenue and growing environmental concern over negative impacts of the large-scale destruction
“Do Nothing” management concept in dealing with mangrove degradation with the perception that the degraded mangroves will self-regenerate without human intervention
importance of mangrove management in Sabah has gain greater attention since the catastrophic Sumatran Tsunami in 2004.
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