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Opposition in Russia - Coggle Diagram
Opposition in Russia
Alexander III
Alex III was very strong and was very afraid of being killed by the public causing him to cower in his fortress instead of being inside the main city's palaces. He also was very reactionary and sought to bring the autocracy back to its greater self which led to him reverting almost all of Alex II reforms which angered many but police forces and Alex himself was very strong leading to little opposition effecting much but it also emerged quite a lot but was very low profile, only to be seen emerging in Nicholas II time.
Opposition Groups
Emancipation of Labour
In 1883 the group translated Marxist literature and arranged for Marxist books to be smuggled into Russia, as well as demonstrating that Marxist ideas would work well with Russia society this group were seen as "The Father Of Russian Marxism"
Russification would also be a great catalyst for opposition for example Jews were the most supressed at the time which would lead to many of them joining radical opposition groups proof of this would be the take over of the provisional government by the Bolsheviks which many of the main members were Jewish
Opposition was very small at the time and was almost at a standstill but because of the past years and the spreading of Marxist theory and smuggling of literature and such the effects of opposition were more long term then short term, setting the foundation for opposition which could emerge into a much larger problem in later years. This half of progress was most likely to the mass police force Alex III established and his reforms silencing the public
Alexander II
In the later years of Alex II life he started to become less and less liberal, this was due to the attempted assassination attempts on him which shocked how little control he had over the public, causing him to become reactionary to his past liberal reforms and undermined them dearly this can be seen in his censorship and education reform that brought great change but also allowed more free thinkers and radical literature to be published leading to these being abolished in (1870), due to these changes it angered the people of Russia which was most likely the main reason for his death in (1881) where a member of the peoples wills killed Alex II
Alex did try and get the public back on his side after doing these reactionary reforms as he knew that it wouldn't end well which led to the "Loris-Melikov Constitution" which aimed to fix Alex II reactionary reaction to opposition but sadly this was too late and didn't achieve much.
Opposition Groups
Young People
Young people were very liberal at the time and seeing there country be undermined by Alex II made them very radical in getting there message seen by the public, an example of this would be the great fires of (1862) where 2000 shops were burnt in the city of Moscow by university students trying to get more reforms in place that gave more rights to the people and undermined the autocracy fuelled by radical literature these cry's were met with nothing but police force stopping them.
Tchaikovsky Circle
Set up in (1869) was a literacy opposition group who were responsible for publishing revolutionary literature and getting it into the hands of the people and opposition groups, they are also responsible for printing copy's of Karl Marx's work
Land and Liberty
Was an extremist group that sought to work for peasants but also carried out political assassinations and had many connections within the government its self such as the zemstva and spys inside the government.
Key Individuals
Mikhail Bakunin
He was responsible for translating the "communist manifesto" (1872) by Karl Marx into Russian which can be seen as the most impactful opposition movement long term as it gave way to many radical opposition groups to follow these ideology's in order to make a better Russia.
Nikolai Chernyshevsky
Was a radical author who published books such as "What is to be done" in (1862) and thought that peasants need to be the leaders of opposition if they were to make real change, this was seen by many opposition groups and made a focus to gain the support of the people before taking action, a great example of this would be Lenin and the Bolsheviks where he amassed a great membership and then swiftly acted in taking over the Provisional government whilst looking scary to the public which shock fear into other opposition groups
Nicholas II
Opposition Groups
Union of Liberation
Where different from the Marxist parties that were springing up everywhere at the time and instead wanted to see Russia have a time of peace so that the country may develop, they were also responsible for the state Duma being established due to the (1905) revolution
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